7. What does the Law of the rk "On Civil Defense" define? Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Civil Defense"

The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 07.05.1997 "On Civil Defense" indicates that the organization and conduct of the Civil Defense (CG) - is one of the most important functions of the state. The law defines the main tasks, organizational principles of construction and operation of the Civil Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the central authority, local representative and executive bodies, organizations, rights and duties of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, foreign citizens and non-citizens resigning in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of Civil Defense. 8. What actions are required at the signal "Attention all!"? Efficient rescue teams - central, provincial, municipal, district organizations, intended to conduct search - rescue operations in remote areas and objects of high complexity;

signal "Attention all!" - A single signal of Civil Defense, which is transmitted by beacons, sirens and other means. At this signal, the population must turn on TV, radio and other means of receiving information, listening carefully to the information transmitted and to fulfill the requirements for conduct and rules of conduct;

9. What are the objectives of the Civil Defense? The main objectives of the Civil Defense" states that:

"Protecting people and facilities management is a priority of the Civil Defense and is based on scientific methods of determining the optimal conduct of the population and early preparedness of areas and facilities management in order to reduce damage caused by the use of modern means of destruction and emergency situations of natural and man-made." Emphasis is placed upon the training of people to act in emergency situations of natural and man-made for their homes, to develop a sense of great responsibility for the training of citizens for protection from various hazards.

10. What are the rights of citizens of the RK on the Civil Defense? "The rights and duties of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Civil Defense”:

1. Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, foreign citizens and non citizens are entitled to:

protect their lives and health from the effects of modern means of destruction, natural and man-made disasters;

material and other payments in case of death under duty performing the civil defense tasks, which are recovered to the bereaved families in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

2. Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, foreign citizens and non citizens must:

participate in the implementation of civil defense measures, as well as being trained in civil defense;

know and carry out a course of action on the signal "Attention all!", rules for the use of collective and individual means of protection, the basic ways of protection and be able to carry out first aid techniques to victims;

take care of the facilities and equipment of the Civil Defense;

provide, as defined by legislation, in wartime and in emergency situations for implementation of the tasks of Civil Defense, vehicles, tools and equipment that are in personal use.

11. What are the duties of citizens of the RK on the Civil Defense?

12. What discipline does study the possibility of ensuring human security in relation to any kind of human activity? LS – is a complex discipline that studies the possibility of ensuring human security in relation to any kind of human activity.

13. What is referred to as phenomena, processes, facilities capable under certain circumstances, cause harm to human health, directly or indirectly? Hazards - are phenomena, processes, facilities capable under certain circumstances cause harm to human health, directly or indirectly. All systems that possess energy, chemically or biologically active components, etc. can be hazardous.

14. Which of these hazards are hazards classified on the nature of origin? - According to the nature of origin: a) natural; b) technical; c) man-made; g) environmental; d) mixed.

- According to localization: a) related to the lithosphere; b) relating to the hydrosphere; c) associated with the atmosphere; g) associated with the cosmos.

- By their consequences: a) fatigue; b) disease; c) trauma; d) death, etc.

15. Which of these hazards are hazards based on their localization? 16. Which of these hazards are hazards based on their consequences? 17. How are hazards divided according to an official standard?

18. What are physical hazards? Physical hazards – moving machines and mechanisms, increased levels of air pollution and dust in the working area, the abnormal temperature, increased levels of noise, vibration, sound waves, etc.

19. What are chemical hazards? Chemical hazards - toxic, irritant, carcinogenic, mutagenic, etc. 20. What are biological hazards? Biological hazards - pathogenic microorganisms (including viruses) and their metabolic products.

21. What are psychophysical hazards? Psychophysical hszsrds - physical and neuro-psychological overload. 22. How are hazards (factors which lead to the appearance of hazard) divided according to their impact on the object affected, exposure time and space? 1 - Factors that directly affect the operator, the impact of which can accumulate or relax over time - factors of incubation;

2 - Factors of instant action, that have a random nature, the impact of which extends to the operator or localized by the noxosphere;

3 – Factors of environmental impact, as a rule, of Intermediary acts that reveal themselves outside of the operator and the given production facilities, but are caused by the implementation of a specific technologic processes of the given production.

23. What is referred to as the accident in the technical system which is not accompanied by people’s death? Accident - the accident in the technical system which is not accompanied by people’s death.

24. What is referred to as the incident in the technical system accompanied by people’s death? Disaster - the incident in the technical system accompanied by people’s death.

25. What is referred to as a region of the biosphere, converted by people with the use of technical systems? Technosphere

26. What is referred to as the space in which an employee’s working process takes place? Work environment (workplace) -

27. What is the main purpose of Life Safety? The main purpose of life safety - protecting human health in the technosphere from the negative impacts of anthropogenic and natural origin and the achievement of comfortable living conditions.

28. Which region of the world does have the most destroyed biosphere or replaced it by technosphere?

Continent	untouched area%	Partially destroyed area%	Destroyed area%
Europe	16	20	64
Asia	45	25	30
C - America	55	20	25

29. Which region of the world does have the list destroyed biosphere?

30. What are the characteristics of interaction in the system “Man – Technosphere” based on the levels of exposure? - comfortable (optimal), when flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: create optimal conditions for work and leisure; preconditions for the manifestation of the highest efficiency and productivity as a result of activities; guarantee the preservation of human health and the integrity of the components of habitat; - permissible when the flow, affecting human and environment, not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the effectiveness of human activities. Compliance with the allowable interaction ensures the impossibility of the emergence and development of irreversible negative processes in humans and environment; - dangerous when flows exceed permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing long-term effects of the disease, and / or lead to degradation of the environment; - extremely dangerous when the flow of high levels over a short period of time can cause injury, lead a person to death, cause destruction in the natural environment.

31. Which level of exposure is defined as the flow which does not have a negative impact on health but leads to discomfort, reducing the effectiveness of human activities? permissible

32. Which level of exposure is defined as the flow which flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: create optimal conditions for work and leisure? comfortable (optimal),

33. Which level of exposure is defined as the flow which exceeds permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing long-term effects of the disease, and / or lead to degradation of the environment? dangerous

34. Which level of exposure is defined as the flow of high levels over a short period of time can cause injury, lead a person to death, causes destruction in the natural environment? - extremely dangerous

35. Which levels of exposure do correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life? Of the four characteristic states of human interactions with the environment, only the first two (a comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life

36. What is referred to as a negative effect on people, which leads to a deterioration of well-being or disease? Harmful factors

37. What is referred to as a negative effect on people, which results in injury or death? Trauma (or traumatic factor) -

38. When is the secure state of the objects of protection realized? The secure state of the objects is realized under complete absence of the effects of hazards, or when risks affecting the object of protection are reduced to the maximum permissible levels of exposure.

39. What is referred to as the state of the object of protection, when the impact of all flows of matter, energy and information do not exceed the maximum permissible values? Security – is the state of the object of protection, when the impact of all flows of matter, energy and information do not exceed the maximum permissible values.

40. What is referred to as the state of the source, which maintains its permissible effect on technosphere and / or the biosphere? Environmentally friendly source of danger – state of the source, which maintains its permissible effect on technosphere and / or the biosphere

41. What are the objects of protection from hazardous environments and human activity? Table 2. Modern security systems existing at present.

Type of Hazards, the field of risks	Facility Protection	Security System
Hazardous environments Human activity	Human	Security (safety) of work
The dangers of the environment and recreation, the city and the home - the danger of the technosphere	Human	Human’s life safety
Dangers of the technosphere	Natural environment	Protection of the environment
Extreme risk of the biosphere and technosphere, including fires, the impact of radiation	Human Natural environment. Material resources	Protection in emergencies, fire and radiation protection
External and internal state risk	Society, nation	System of national security, national security
The dangers of uncontrolled and uncontrollable universal human activity (population growth, global warming ...	Mankind Biosphere Technosphere	Global security
Space hazards	Mankind Earth	Space security

42. What are the objects of protection from the extreme risk of the biosphere and technosphere, including fires, the impact of radiation

42. What are the objects of protection from the dangers of uncontrolled and uncontrollable universal human activity?

43. Which security system does protect humans from the dangers of the environment and recreation, and the danger of the technosphere?

44. Which security system does protect natural environment?

45. Which security system does protect society from external and internal state risk?

46. Which security system does protect mankind, biosphere and technosphere from the dangers of uncontrolled and uncontrollable universal human activity?

47. What are the objects of protection of space security?

48. Which spheres of security system are connected to the human life safety? Thus, security systems, according to the objects of protection, are divided into the following main types: - A system of personal and collective human security in the process of one’s life; - System protection of the environment (biosphere); - System of state security; - System of global security.

49. Which century is characterized by the immeasurably increased energy levels due to the human impact? XX

50. What are the principles of security provision according to the theory of security? Principles, methods, and means - are the logical steps to ensure security. Their selection depends on the specific conditions of human activity, the level of risk, cost and other criteria.

There are many principles of security provision. They can be classified on several grounds. For example, guidance, technological, organizational, managerial.

Guidance: the activity of the operator, the humanization of work, destruction, replacement of the operator, classification, elimination of the danger, regularity, reducing the risk.

Technical: Locks, vacuuming, sealing, protection by the distance, compression strength, the weak link, shielding.

Organizational: protection by the time, information, redundancy, incompatibility, regulation, recruitment, consistency, ergonomics.

Managerial: adequacy, monitoring, feedback, responsibility, planning, promotion, efficiency.

51. What parameters does the principle of normalization set to protect a person from the hazards? The principle of normalization is to set parameters which compliance is to protect a person from the hazards. For example, the maximum permissible concentration (MPC or предельно допустимая концентрация -ПДК), the maximum allowable level (MAL or предельно допустимый уровень -ПДУ), the norms of carrying and lifting of weights, duration of employment, etc.

52. What is referred to as a space where does a constant or periodically arise danger? Noxosphere 53. What is referred to as a space where a man is present during the process of the given activity? Homosphere

54. What are the three most common methods of protection against the hazards? I - Spatial and (or) temporal separation of homosphere and noxosphere. It is achieved by means of remote control, automatization, robotics, special organizations, etc. II - Normalization of the noxosphere by eliminating or reducing the quantitative characteristics of the risk. This is a set of measures that protect a worker from noise, gas, dust, etc. by means of collective protection. III - Adaptation of the worker to the conditions of the noxosphere and increasing the man’s security. The method includes the possibilities of professional selection, training, psychological effects, the use of personal protective equipment. In the real conditions the combination of all three factors takes place.

55. What is referred to as events, processes, expression, information, effects, allowing early detect danger, their nature, sources, direction, scope and possible attack? The indicators are usually referred to as events, processes, expression, information, effects, allowing early detect danger, their nature, sources, direction, scope and possible attack. Indicators are essentially signs, signals of dangers and threats.

56. Which of these are objective indicators of risk? The objective indicators can include, for example, measurements of the pollution level, the statistical assessment of the status and trends of quantitative and qualitative changes of the parameters of crime, deviant behavior (suicide, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.) that are collected by the scientific research centers and other governmental and public institutions and organizations.

57. What is referred to as the ratio of adverse consequences to their possible number for a certain period? Quantitative risk assessment - is the ratio of those or other adverse consequences to their possible number for a certain period.

58. Which value per year is considered as the negligible risk? Negligible risk is considered to be 1x10-8 per year.

59. How is the value of acceptable risk determined? The value of acceptable risk is determined by the level of development of society and the pace of scientific - technical progress

60. What are the stages of risk analysis? First stage: a preliminary analysis of risk. Second stage: identification of a sequence of dangerous situations.

61. What is the purpose of the first stage of risk analysis? Thus, the purpose of the first stage of risk analysis is to determine the system and identifying in general terms the potential risks. Third stage: analysis of the consequences.

62. What is the purpose of the second stage of risk analysis? Thus, the second phase ends with the detection of all possible failures in the system and the determination of probability values for these options.

63. What is the purpose of the third stage of risk analysis? In analysis of the impact the data obtained during the preliminary risk assessment (1st stage) and on the stage of identifying the sequence of dangerous situations (2nd stage) are used.

64. How does the analysis of failure modes and effects differ from the analysis using the failure tree? According to the failure tree and the result of the probability of possible failures the histogram of frequencies for different values of leakage (for example a nuclear reactor) can be constructed. A curve constructed in accordance with the histogram, shows a limit curve of the frequency of accidental spillage (the Farmer curve). It is believed that the curve separates the upper region of the unacceptably high risk from the acceptable risk, below and to the left of the curve.

Analysis of failure modes and system effects based on the sequential consideration of one element after another, the analysis of all possible types of failures or emergencies, and identifies of their resulting impact on the system is conducted. Certain emergency situations and failure modes of elements are identified and analyzed to determine their impact on other nearby components and the system as a whole.

Analysis of failure modes and effects is significantly more detailed than the analysis using the failure tree, as it is necessary to consider all possible types of failures or accidents for each element of the system

65. Which information does the analysis of criticality provide? This type of analysis provides the classification of each item in accordance with the degree of its influence on the overall purpose of the system. Categories of criticality are established for different kinds of failures:

Category 1 - denial, leading to an additional unplanned maintenance; Category 2 - denial, leading to a delays in work or disability; Category 3 - denial, potentially leading to the failure of implementation of major tasks; Category 4 - denial, potentially leading to the victims.

This method does not quantify the possible consequences or damage, but allows to answer the following questions:

- Which of the elements must be subjected to detailed analysis in order to avoid the dangers of giving rise to accidents; - Which element needs special attention in the production process; - What are the standards of input controls; - Where special procedures, safety rules and other protective measures should be introduced; - How best to spend money to prevent accidents.