- •Symbol Referent
- •Name:”dog” is named by Referent: a real dog
- •The nature of language. Linguistic sign. Semiotics. (2)
- •The english word. The size-of-unit problem.
- •On the first floor// there is a nursery
- •We are friends. Are we not?
- •Multistructural units.
- •Theory of nomination and reference.
- •Lexical meaning.
- •Meaning and Use
- •The Identity-Unit_Problem
- •Phonetic Variations.
- •Morphological variation.
- •Lexical Variation.
- •Semantic Variation.
- •Semantic change.
- •Semantic structure. Name-sense relationship.
- •Polysemy.
- •Homonymy.
- •Enantiosemy.
- •Awfully good
- •Awfully nice Synonymy.
- •Classification:
- •To happen – to occur – to befall – to chance Look – appearance – complexion – countenance
- •Antonymy.
- •Ж ивой – полуживой – полумертвый – мертвый
- •Продавать – покупать
- •Phraseology.
- •Bright day
- •Red revolution
- •AmE: to have a skeleton on the closet
- •It’s high time to do smth our mind, ready-made
- •“To be or not to be” Shakespeare
- •“The course of true reforms has never run smooth in Russia” – “the Times”
- •To bell the cat
- •The Rubicon is crossed
- •A hard nut to crack
- •The ice is broken
- •Word formation (словообразование)
- •Suffixation
- •Conversion
- •Back derivation
- •Clipping
- •Blending
- •Word manufacturing
- •Componential analysis
- •Borrowings
- •Омонимия
- •Переход из одного состояния в др.-выйти из леса
- •Ex.: cat, dinner, cup
- •International words.
- •Shadow-shade
- •Loan Words
Shadow-shade
defence-fence
fantasy-fancy
fanatic-fan
Loan Words
(translation loans)
Borrowings of a special kind’coz they are not taken into the vocabulary of another language in the same phonemic shape they have functioned in their own language, but undergo the process of translation.
« вундеркинд»-wonder child
G erman
«майстек штюк»-masterpiece
Russian: пятилетка- a five-year plan
kолхоз- collective farm
Sometimes in two different forms:
Блиц-криг- молниеносная война
Lightning war
Blitzkrieg
Borrowed words are mostly learned words and terminology (foreign words dominate the native).
All short common words are native, but there are also a layer words which have become fully adopted, their origin- unrecognizable.
Ex.: air face poor
our dress very
native appearance and common use
French words are more formal and more emotional:
To begin-to commence
To wish-to desire
Motherly love-maternal love
Childish-infantile
Sunny-solar
(day) (system)
nosy-nasal
(parker) (sound,voice)
человек, который сует нос не в свои дела
handy-manual (therapy)
Neologisms
Different points of view:
if we feel that it’s neologism-it is.
25 years ago- it’s neologism.
Classification:
by Haham:
Words in which the form and the meaning is new.
Ex.: audiotyping
the former-new, the meaning has already been expressed by some other word.
Ex.: big C-cancer
the meaning –new, but the form existed.
Ex.: “bread” in the meaning of money
“green”=$
by Rosen:
these are words which can occur in isolation, but at the same time they can be parts of new words.
Ex.: Euro(money)-Euro market
Anything …burger
new morphemes which have appeared in the language recently
ex.: -nik peacenik
beatnik
-teria washateria
bookateria
these are words which consist of already existing morphemes, but in new combination
ex.: “greenback”=$
skinhead
by Zabotkina:
phonological neologisms these are new words formed from morphemes.
Ex.: Z-z-z – a short nap (onomotopoeic words)
semantic neologisms- they are semantically motivated
ex.: bread= money
green=$
3. syntactic neologism
phraseological morphological
(word combinations) (formed by the meaning of affixation,
ex.: big C conversion, clipping, lexicalization, compounding)
ex.: audiotyping
4. borrowings
ex.: Pizza Hut
Formation of neologisms:
affixation- is the most productive
ex.: beatnik, washateria
word over lapping (междусловное наложение)
e x.: swellegant (swell+elegant)
abbreviation (blending)
compounding
ex.: skinhead, greenback
forming new words from word combination and sentences
ex.: boldheadish, 6 o’clockish
how-do-you-doers
forming new words according already existing productive pattern.
Ex.: fingersmith (карманник)
tunesmith
lexicolazation
ex.: don’t talk about –izms with me.
Teens
wordplays
e x.: Где находится нофелет?
quazilexems- words formed from phonemes.
Ex.: Z-z-z
Ёпрст
Абвгдэйка