Компилятор с языка С на Ассемблер / CC4

/*
** Small-C Compiler -- Part 4 -- Back End.
** Copyright 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988 J. E. Hendrix
** All rights reserved.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include "cc.h"

/* #define DISOPT */       /* display optimizations values */

/*************************** externals ****************************/

extern char
  *cptr, *macn, *litq, *symtab, optimize, ssname[NAMESIZE];

extern int
  *stage, litlab, litptr, csp, output, oldseg, usexpr,
  *snext, *stail, *slast;


/***************** optimizer command definitions ******************/

             /*     --      p-codes must not overlap these */
#define any     0x00FF   /* matches any p-code */
#define _pop    0x00FE   /* matches if corresponding POP2 exists */
#define pfree   0x00FD   /* matches if pri register free */
#define sfree   0x00FC   /* matches if sec register free */
#define comm    0x00FB   /* matches if registers are commutative */

             /*     --      these digits are reserved for n */
#define go      0x0100   /* go n entries */
#define gc      0x0200   /* get code from n entries away */
#define gv      0x0300   /* get value from n entries away */
#define sum     0x0400   /* add value from nth entry away */
#define neg     0x0500   /* negate the value */
#define ife     0x0600   /* if value == n do commands to next 0 */
#define ifl     0x0700   /* if value <  n do commands to next 0 */
#define swv     0x0800   /* swap value with value n entries away */
#define topop   0x0900   /* moves |code and current value to POP2 */

#define p1      0x0001   /* plus 1 */
#define p2      0x0002   /* plus 2 */
#define p3      0x0003   /* plus 3 */
#define p4      0x0004   /* plus 4 */
#define m1      0x00FF   /* minus 1 */
#define m2      0x00FE   /* minus 2 */
#define m3      0x00FD   /* minus 3 */
#define m4      0x00FC   /* minus 4 */

#define PRI      0030    /* primary register bits */
#define SEC      0003    /* secondary register bits */
#define USES     0011    /* use register contents */
#define ZAPS     0022    /* zap register contents */
#define PUSHES   0100    /* pushes onto the stack */
#define COMMUTES 0200    /* commutative p-code */

/******************** optimizer command lists *********************/

int
  seq00[] = {0,ADD12,MOVE21,0,                       /* ADD21 */
             go|p1,ADD21,0},

  seq01[] = {0,ADD1n,0,                              /* rINC1 or rDEC1 ? */ 
             ifl|m2,0,ifl|0,rDEC1,neg,0,ifl|p3,rINC1,0,0},

  seq02[] = {0,ADD2n,0,                              /* rINC2 or rDEC2 ? */ 
             ifl|m2,0,ifl|0,rDEC2,neg,0,ifl|p3,rINC2,0,0},

  seq03[] = {0,rDEC1,PUTbp1,rINC1,0,                 /* SUBbpn or DECbp */
             go|p2,ife|p1,DECbp,0,SUBbpn,0},

  seq04[] = {0,rDEC1,PUTwp1,rINC1,0,                 /* SUBwpn or DECwp */
             go|p2,ife|p1,DECwp,0,SUBwpn,0},

  seq05[] = {0,rDEC1,PUTbm1,rINC1,0,                 /* SUB_m_ COMMAn */
             go|p1,SUB_m_,go|p1,COMMAn,go|m1,0},

  seq06[] = {0,rDEC1,PUTwm1,rINC1,0,                 /* SUB_m_ COMMAn */
             go|p1,SUB_m_,go|p1,COMMAn,go|m1,0},

  seq07[] = {0,GETw1m,GETw2n,ADD12,MOVE21,GETb1p,0,  /* GETw2m GETb1p */
             go|p4,gv|m3,go|m1,GETw2m,gv|m3,0},

  seq08[] = {0,GETw1m,GETw2n,ADD12,MOVE21,GETb1pu,0, /* GETw2m GETb1pu */
             go|p4,gv|m3,go|m1,GETw2m,gv|m3,0},

  seq09[] = {0,GETw1m,GETw2n,ADD12,MOVE21,GETw1p,0,  /* GETw2m GETw1p */
             go|p4,gv|m3,go|m1,GETw2m,gv|m3,0},

  seq10[] = {0,GETw1m,GETw2m,SWAP12,0,               /* GETw2m GETw1m */
             go|p2,GETw1m,gv|m1,go|m1,gv|m1,0},

  seq11[] = {0,GETw1m,MOVE21,0,                      /* GETw2m */
             go|p1,GETw2m,gv|m1,0},

  seq12[] = {0,GETw1m,PUSH1,pfree,0,                 /* PUSHm */
             go|p1,PUSHm,gv|m1,0},

  seq13[] = {0,GETw1n,PUTbm1,pfree,0,                /* PUT_m_ COMMAn */
             PUT_m_,go|p1,COMMAn,go|m1,swv|p1,0},

  seq14[] = {0,GETw1n,PUTwm1,pfree,0,                /* PUT_m_ COMMAn */ 
             PUT_m_,go|p1,COMMAn,go|m1,swv|p1,0}, 

  seq15[] = {0,GETw1p,PUSH1,pfree,0,                 /* PUSHp */ 
             go|p1,PUSHp,gv|m1,0},

  seq16[] = {0,GETw1s,GETw2n,ADD12,MOVE21,0,         /* GETw2s ADD2n */
             go|p3,ADD2n,gv|m2,go|m1,GETw2s,gv|m2,0},

  seq17[] = {0,GETw1s,GETw2s,SWAP12,0,               /* GETw2s GETw1s */
             go|p2,GETw1s,gv|m1,go|m1,GETw2s,gv|m1,0},

  seq18[] = {0,GETw1s,MOVE21,0,                      /* GETw2s */
             go|p1,GETw2s,gv|m1,0},

  seq19[] = {0,GETw2m,GETw1n,SWAP12,SUB12,0,         /* GETw1m SUB1n */
             go|p3,SUB1n,gv|m2,go|m1,GETw1m,gv|m2,0},

  seq20[] = {0,GETw2n,ADD12,0,                       /* ADD1n */ 
             go|p1,ADD1n,gv|m1,0},

  seq21[] = {0,GETw2s,GETw1n,SWAP12,SUB12,0,         /* GETw1s SUB1n */ 
             go|p3,SUB1n,gv|m2,go|m1,GETw1s,gv|m2,0},

  seq22[] = {0,rINC1,PUTbm1,rDEC1,0,                 /* ADDm_ COMMAn */ 
             go|p1,ADDm_,go|p1,COMMAn,go|m1,0}, 

  seq23[] = {0,rINC1,PUTwm1,rDEC1,0,                 /* ADDm_ COMMAn */ 
             go|p1,ADDm_,go|p1,COMMAn,go|m1,0}, 

  seq24[] = {0,rINC1,PUTbp1,rDEC1,0,                 /* ADDbpn or INCbp */ 
             go|p2,ife|p1,INCbp,0,ADDbpn,0}, 

  seq25[] = {0,rINC1,PUTwp1,rDEC1,0,                 /* ADDwpn or INCwp */ 
             go|p2,ife|p1,INCwp,0,ADDwpn,0}, 

  seq26[] = {0,MOVE21,GETw1n,SWAP12,SUB12,0,         /* SUB1n */
             go|p3,SUB1n,gv|m2,0},

  seq27[] = {0,MOVE21,GETw1n,comm,0,                 /* GETw2n comm */
             go|p1,GETw2n,0},

  seq28[] = {0,POINT1m,GETw2n,ADD12,MOVE21,0,        /* POINT2m_ PLUSn */
             go|p3,PLUSn,gv|m2,go|m1,POINT2m_,gv|m2,0},

  seq29[] = {0,POINT1m,MOVE21,pfree,0,               /* POINT2m */
             go|p1,POINT2m,gv|m1,0},

  seq30[] = {0,POINT1m,PUSH1,pfree,_pop,0,           /* ... POINT2m */
             topop|POINT2m,go|p2,0},

  seq31[] = {0,POINT1s,GETw2n,ADD12,MOVE21,0,        /* POINT2s */
             sum|p1,go|p3,POINT2s,gv|m3,0},

  seq32[] = {0,POINT1s,PUSH1,MOVE21,0,               /* POINT2s PUSH2 */
             go|p1,POINT2s,gv|m1,go|p1,PUSH2,go|m1,0},

  seq33[] = {0,POINT1s,PUSH1,pfree,_pop,0,           /* ... POINT2s */
             topop|POINT2s,go|p2,0},

  seq34[] = {0,POINT1s,MOVE21,0,                     /* POINT2s */
             go|p1,POINT2s,gv|m1,0},

  seq35[] = {0,POINT2m,GETb1p,sfree,0,               /* GETb1m */
             go|p1,GETb1m,gv|m1,0},

  seq36[] = {0,POINT2m,GETb1pu,sfree,0,              /* GETb1mu */
             go|p1,GETb1mu,gv|m1,0},

  seq37[] = {0,POINT2m,GETw1p,sfree,0,               /* GETw1m */
             go|p1,GETw1m,gv|m1,0},

  seq38[] = {0,POINT2m_,PLUSn,GETw1p,sfree,0,        /* GETw1m_ PLUSn */
             go|p2,gc|m1,gv|m1,go|m1,GETw1m_,gv|m1,0},

  seq39[] = {0,POINT2s,GETb1p,sfree,0,               /* GETb1s */
             sum|p1,go|p1,GETb1s,gv|m1,0},

  seq40[] = {0,POINT2s,GETb1pu,sfree,0,              /* GETb1su */
             sum|p1,go|p1,GETb1su,gv|m1,0},

  seq41[] = {0,POINT2s,GETw1p,PUSH1,pfree,0,         /* PUSHs */
             sum|p1,go|p2,PUSHs,gv|m2,0},

  seq42[] = {0,POINT2s,GETw1p,sfree,0,               /* GETw1s */
             sum|p1,go|p1,GETw1s,gv|m1,0},

  seq43[] = {0,PUSH1,any,POP2,0,                     /* MOVE21 any */
             go|p2,gc|m1,gv|m1,go|m1,MOVE21,0},

  seq44[] = {0,PUSHm,_pop,0,                         /* ... GETw2m */
             topop|GETw2m,go|p1,0},

  seq45[] = {0,PUSHp,any,POP2,0,                     /* GETw2p ... */
             go|p2,gc|m1,gv|m1,go|m1,GETw2p,gv|m1,0},

  seq46[] = {0,PUSHs,_pop,0,                         /* ... GETw2s */
             topop|GETw2s,go|p1,0},

  seq47[] = {0,SUB1n,0,                              /* rDEC1 or rINC1 ? */
             ifl|m2,0,ifl|0,rINC1,neg,0,ifl|p3,rDEC1,0,0};

#define HIGH_SEQ  47
int seq[HIGH_SEQ + 1];  
setseq() {
  seq[ 0] = seq00;  seq[ 1] = seq01;  seq[ 2] = seq02;  seq[ 3] = seq03;
  seq[ 4] = seq04;  seq[ 5] = seq05;  seq[ 6] = seq06;  seq[ 7] = seq07;
  seq[ 8] = seq08;  seq[ 9] = seq09;  seq[10] = seq10;  seq[11] = seq11;
  seq[12] = seq12;  seq[13] = seq13;  seq[14] = seq14;  seq[15] = seq15;
  seq[16] = seq16;  seq[17] = seq17;  seq[18] = seq18;  seq[19] = seq19;
  seq[20] = seq20;  seq[21] = seq21;  seq[22] = seq22;  seq[23] = seq23;
  seq[24] = seq24;  seq[25] = seq25;  seq[26] = seq26;  seq[27] = seq27;
  seq[28] = seq28;  seq[29] = seq29;  seq[30] = seq30;  seq[31] = seq31;
  seq[32] = seq32;  seq[33] = seq33;  seq[34] = seq34;  seq[35] = seq35;
  seq[36] = seq36;  seq[37] = seq37;  seq[38] = seq38;  seq[39] = seq39;
  seq[40] = seq40;  seq[41] = seq41;  seq[42] = seq42;  seq[43] = seq43;
  seq[44] = seq44;  seq[45] = seq45;  seq[46] = seq46;  seq[47] = seq47;
  } 

/***************** assembly-code strings ******************/

int code[PCODES];

/*
** First byte contains flag bits indicating:
**    the value in ax is needed (010) or zapped (020)
**    the value in bx is needed (001) or zapped (002)
*/
setcodes() {
  setseq();
  code[ADD12]   = "\211ADD AX,BX\n";
  code[ADD1n]   = "\010?ADD AX,<n>\n??";
  code[ADD21]   = "\211ADD BX,AX\n";
  code[ADD2n]   = "\010?ADD BX,<n>\n??";
  code[ADDbpn]  = "\001ADD BYTE PTR [BX],<n>\n";
  code[ADDwpn]  = "\001ADD WORD PTR [BX],<n>\n";
  code[ADDm_]   = "\000ADD <m>";
  code[ADDSP]   = "\000?ADD SP,<n>\n??";
  code[AND12]   = "\211AND AX,BX\n";
  code[ANEG1]   = "\010NEG AX\n";
  code[ARGCNTn] = "\000?MOV CL,<n>?XOR CL,CL?\n";
  code[ASL12]   = "\011MOV CX,AX\nMOV AX,BX\nSAL AX,CL\n";
  code[ASR12]   = "\011MOV CX,AX\nMOV AX,BX\nSAR AX,CL\n";
  code[CALL1]   = "\010CALL AX\n";
  code[CALLm]   = "\020CALL <m>\n";
  code[BYTE_]   = "\000 DB ";
  code[BYTEn]   = "\000 DB <n>\n";
  code[BYTEr0]  = "\000 DB <n> DUP(0)\n";
  code[COM1]    = "\010NOT AX\n";
  code[COMMAn]  = "\000,<n>\n";
  code[DBL1]    = "\010SHL AX,1\n";
  code[DBL2]    = "\001SHL BX,1\n";
  code[DECbp]   = "\001DEC BYTE PTR [BX]\n";
  code[DECwp]   = "\001DEC WORD PTR [BX]\n";
  code[DIV12]   = "\011CWD\nIDIV BX\n";                 /* see gen() */
  code[DIV12u]  = "\011XOR DX,DX\nDIV BX\n";            /* see gen() */
  code[ENTER]   = "\100PUSH BP\nMOV BP,SP\n";
  code[EQ10f]   = "\010OR AX,AX\nJE $+5\nJMP _<n>\n";
  code[EQ12]    = "\211CALL __eq\n";
  code[GE10f]   = "\010OR AX,AX\nJGE $+5\nJMP _<n>\n";
  code[GE12]    = "\011CALL __ge\n";
  code[GE12u]   = "\011CALL __uge\n";
  code[GETb1m]  = "\020MOV AL,<m>\nCBW\n";
  code[GETb1mu] = "\020MOV AL,<m>\nXOR AH,AH\n";
  code[GETb1p]  = "\021MOV AL,?<n>??[BX]\nCBW\n";       /* see gen() */
  code[GETb1pu] = "\021MOV AL,?<n>??[BX]\nXOR AH,AH\n"; /* see gen() */
  code[GETb1s]  = "\020MOV AL,<n>[BP]\nCBW\n";
  code[GETb1su] = "\020MOV AL,<n>[BP]\nXOR AH,AH\n";
  code[GETw1m]  = "\020MOV AX,<m>\n";
  code[GETw1m_] = "\020MOV AX,<m>";
  code[GETw1n]  = "\020?MOV AX,<n>?XOR AX,AX?\n";
  code[GETw1p]  = "\021MOV AX,?<n>??[BX]\n";            /* see gen() */
  code[GETw1s]  = "\020MOV AX,<n>[BP]\n";
  code[GETw2m]  = "\002MOV BX,<m>\n";
  code[GETw2n]  = "\002?MOV BX,<n>?XOR BX,BX?\n";
  code[GETw2p]  = "\021MOV BX,?<n>??[BX]\n";
  code[GETw2s]  = "\002MOV BX,<n>[BP]\n";
  code[GT10f]   = "\010OR AX,AX\nJG $+5\nJMP _<n>\n";
  code[GT12]    = "\010CALL __gt\n";
  code[GT12u]   = "\011CALL __ugt\n";
  code[INCbp]   = "\001INC BYTE PTR [BX]\n";
  code[INCwp]   = "\001INC WORD PTR [BX]\n";
  code[WORD_]   = "\000 DW ";
  code[WORDn]   = "\000 DW <n>\n";
  code[WORDr0]  = "\000 DW <n> DUP(0)\n";
  code[JMPm]    = "\000JMP _<n>\n";
  code[LABm]    = "\000_<n>:\n";
  code[LE10f]   = "\010OR AX,AX\nJLE $+5\nJMP _<n>\n";
  code[LE12]    = "\011CALL __le\n";
  code[LE12u]   = "\011CALL __ule\n";
  code[LNEG1]   = "\010CALL __lneg\n";
  code[LT10f]   = "\010OR AX,AX\nJL $+5\nJMP _<n>\n";
  code[LT12]    = "\011CALL __lt\n";
  code[LT12u]   = "\011CALL __ult\n";
  code[MOD12]   = "\011CWD\nIDIV BX\nMOV AX,DX\n";      /* see gen() */
  code[MOD12u]  = "\011XOR DX,DX\nDIV BX\nMOV AX,DX\n"; /* see gen() */
  code[MOVE21]  = "\012MOV BX,AX\n";
  code[MUL12]   = "\211IMUL BX\n";
  code[MUL12u]  = "\211MUL BX\n";
  code[NE10f]   = "\010OR AX,AX\nJNE $+5\nJMP _<n>\n";
  code[NE12]    = "\211CALL __ne\n";
  code[NEARm]   = "\000 DW _<n>\n";
  code[OR12]    = "\211OR AX,BX\n";
  code[PLUSn]   = "\000?+<n>??\n";
  code[POINT1l] = "\020MOV AX,OFFSET _<l>+<n>\n";
  code[POINT1m] = "\020MOV AX,OFFSET <m>\n";
  code[POINT1s] = "\020LEA AX,<n>[BP]\n";
  code[POINT2m] = "\002MOV BX,OFFSET <m>\n";
  code[POINT2m_]= "\002MOV BX,OFFSET <m>";
  code[POINT2s] = "\002LEA BX,<n>[BP]\n";
  code[POP2]    = "\002POP BX\n";
  code[PUSH1]   = "\110PUSH AX\n";
  code[PUSH2]   = "\101PUSH BX\n";
  code[PUSHm]   = "\100PUSH <m>\n";
  code[PUSHp]   = "\100PUSH ?<n>??[BX]\n";
  code[PUSHs]   = "\100PUSH ?<n>??[BP]\n";
  code[PUT_m_]  = "\000MOV <m>";
  code[PUTbm1]  = "\010MOV <m>,AL\n";
  code[PUTbp1]  = "\011MOV [BX],AL\n";
  code[PUTwm1]  = "\010MOV <m>,AX\n";
  code[PUTwp1]  = "\011MOV [BX],AX\n";
  code[rDEC1]   = "\010#DEC AX\n#";
  code[rDEC2]   = "\010#DEC BX\n#";
  code[REFm]    = "\000_<n>";
  code[RETURN]  = "\000?MOV SP,BP\n??POP BP\nRET\n";
  code[rINC1]   = "\010#INC AX\n#";
  code[rINC2]   = "\010#INC BX\n#";
  code[SUB_m_]  = "\000SUB <m>";
  code[SUB12]   = "\011SUB AX,BX\n";                    /* see gen() */
  code[SUB1n]   = "\010?SUB AX,<n>\n??";
  code[SUBbpn]  = "\001SUB BYTE PTR [BX],<n>\n";
  code[SUBwpn]  = "\001SUB WORD PTR [BX],<n>\n";
  code[SWAP12]  = "\011XCHG AX,BX\n";
  code[SWAP1s]  = "\012POP BX\nXCHG AX,BX\nPUSH BX\n";
  code[SWITCH]  = "\012CALL __switch\n";
  code[XOR12]   = "\211XOR AX,BX\n";
  }

/***************** code generation functions *****************/

/*
** print all assembler info before any code is generated
** and ensure that the segments appear in the correct order.
*/
header()  {
  toseg(CODESEG);
  outline("extrn __eq: near");
  outline("extrn __ne: near");
  outline("extrn __le: near");
  outline("extrn __lt: near");
  outline("extrn __ge: near");
  outline("extrn __gt: near");
  outline("extrn __ule: near");
  outline("extrn __ult: near");
  outline("extrn __uge: near");
  outline("extrn __ugt: near");
  outline("extrn __lneg: near");
  outline("extrn __switch: near");
  outline("dw 0"); /* force non-zero code pointers, word alignment */
  toseg(DATASEG);
  outline("dw 0"); /* force non-zero data pointers, word alignment */
  }

/*
** print any assembler stuff needed at the end
*/
trailer()  {  
  char *cp;
  cptr = STARTGLB;
  while(cptr < ENDGLB) {
    if(cptr[IDENT] == FUNCTION && cptr[CLASS] == AUTOEXT)
      external(cptr + NAME, 0, FUNCTION);
    cptr += SYMMAX;
    }
  if((cp = findglb("main")) && cp[CLASS]==STATIC)
    external("_main", 0, FUNCTION);
  toseg(NULL);
  outline("END");
#ifdef DISOPT
    {
    int i, *count;
    printf(";opt   count\n");
    for(i = -1; ++i <= HIGH_SEQ; ) {
      count = seq[i];
      printf("; %2u   %5u\n", i, *count);
      poll(YES);
      }
    }  
#endif 
  }

/*
** remember where we are in the queue in case we have to back up.
*/
setstage(before, start) int *before, *start; {
  if((*before = snext) == 0)
    snext = stage;
  *start = snext;
  }

/*
** generate code in staging buffer.
*/
gen(pcode, value) int pcode, value; {
  int newcsp;
  switch(pcode) {
    case GETb1pu:
    case GETb1p:
    case GETw1p: gen(MOVE21, 0); break;
    case SUB12:
    case MOD12:
    case MOD12u:
    case DIV12:
    case DIV12u: gen(SWAP12, 0); break;
    case PUSH1:  csp -= BPW;     break;
    case POP2:   csp += BPW;     break;
    case ADDSP:
    case RETURN: newcsp = value; value -= csp; csp = newcsp;
    }
  if(snext == 0) {
    outcode(pcode, value);
    return;
    }
  if(snext >= slast) {
    error("staging buffer overflow");
    return;
    }
  snext[0] = pcode;
  snext[1] = value;
  snext += 2;
  }

/*
** dump the contents of the queue.
** If start = 0, throw away contents.
** If before != 0, don't dump queue yet.
*/
clearstage(before, start) int *before, *start; {
  if(before) {
    snext = before;
    return;
    }
  if(start) dumpstage();
  snext = 0;
  }

/*
** dump the staging buffer
*/
dumpstage() {
  int i;
  stail = snext;
  snext = stage;
  while(snext < stail) {
    if(optimize) {
      restart:
      i = -1; 
      while(++i <= HIGH_SEQ) if(peep(seq[i])) {
#ifdef DISOPT
        if(isatty(output))
          fprintf(stderr, "                   optimized %2u\n", i);
#endif
        goto restart;
        }
      }
    outcode(snext[0], snext[1]);
    snext += 2;
    }
  }

/*
** change to a new segment
** may be called with NULL, CODESEG, or DATASEG
*/
toseg(newseg) int newseg; {
  if(oldseg == newseg)  return;
  if(oldseg == CODESEG) outline("CODE ENDS");
  else if(oldseg == DATASEG) outline("DATA ENDS");
  if(newseg == CODESEG) {
    outline("CODE SEGMENT PUBLIC");
    outline("ASSUME CS:CODE, SS:DATA, DS:DATA");
    }
  else if(newseg == DATASEG) outline("DATA SEGMENT PUBLIC");
  oldseg = newseg;
  }

/*
** declare entry point
*/
public(ident) int ident;{
  if(ident == FUNCTION)
       toseg(CODESEG);
  else toseg(DATASEG);
  outstr("PUBLIC ");
  outname(ssname);
  newline();
  outname(ssname);
  if(ident == FUNCTION) {
    colon();
    newline();
    }
  }

/*
** declare external reference
*/
external(name, size, ident) char *name; int size, ident; {
  if(ident == FUNCTION)
       toseg(CODESEG);
  else toseg(DATASEG);
  outstr("EXTRN ");
  outname(name);
  colon();
  outsize(size, ident);
  newline();
  }

/*
** output the size of the object pointed to.
*/
outsize(size, ident) int size, ident; {
  if(size == 1
  && ident != POINTER
  && ident != FUNCTION)      outstr("BYTE");
  else if(ident != FUNCTION) outstr("WORD");
  else                       outstr("NEAR");
  }

/*
** point to following object(s)
*/
point() {
  outline(" DW $+2");
  }

/*
** dump the literal pool
*/
dumplits(size) int size; {
  int j, k;
  k = 0;
  while (k < litptr) {
    poll(1);                     /* allow program interruption */
    if(size == 1)
         gen(BYTE_, NULL);
    else gen(WORD_, NULL);
    j = 10;
    while(j--) {
      outdec(getint(litq + k, size));
      k += size;
      if(j == 0 || k >= litptr) {
        newline();
        break;
        }
      fputc(',', output);
      }
    }
  }

/*
** dump zeroes for default initial values
*/
dumpzero(size, count) int size, count; {
  if(count > 0) {
    if(size == 1)
         gen(BYTEr0, count);
    else gen(WORDr0, count);
    }
  }

/******************** optimizer functions ***********************/

/*
** Try to optimize sequence at snext in the staging buffer.
*/
peep(seq) int *seq; {
  int *next, *count, *pop, n, skip, tmp, reply;
  char c;
  next = snext;
  count = seq++;
  while(*seq) {
    switch(*seq) {
      case any:   if(next < stail)       break;      return (NO);
      case pfree: if(isfree(PRI, next))  break;      return (NO);
      case sfree: if(isfree(SEC, next))  break;      return (NO);
      case comm:  if(*next & COMMUTES)   break;      return (NO);
      case _pop:  if(pop = getpop(next)) break;      return (NO);
      default:    if(next >= stail || *next != *seq) return (NO);
      }
    next += 2; ++seq;
    }

  /****** have a match, now optimize it ******/

  *count += 1;
  reply = skip = NO;
  while(*(++seq) || skip) {
    if(skip) {
      if(*seq == 0) skip = NO;
      continue;
      }
    if(*seq >= PCODES) {
      c = *seq & 0xFF;            /* get low byte of command */
      n = c;                      /* and sign extend into n */
      switch(*seq & 0xFF00) {
        case ife:   if(snext[1] != n) skip = YES;  break;
        case ifl:   if(snext[1] >= n) skip = YES;  break;
        case go:    snext += (n<<1);               break;
        case gc:    snext[0] =  snext[(n<<1)];     goto done;
        case gv:    snext[1] =  snext[(n<<1)+1];   goto done;
        case sum:   snext[1] += snext[(n<<1)+1];   goto done;
        case neg:   snext[1] = -snext[1];          goto done;
        case topop: pop[0] = n; pop[1] = snext[1]; goto done;
        case swv:   tmp = snext[1];
                    snext[1] = snext[(n<<1)+1];
                    snext[(n<<1)+1] = tmp;
        done:       reply = YES;
                    break;
        }
      }
    else snext[0] = *seq;         /* set p-code */
    }
  return (reply);
  }

/*
** Is the primary or secondary register free?
** Is it zapped or unused by the p-code at pp
** or a successor?  If the primary register is
** unused by it still may not be free if the
** context uses the value of the expression.
*/
isfree(reg, pp) int reg, *pp; {
  char *cp;
  while(pp < stail) {
    cp = code[*pp];
    if(*cp & USES & reg) return (NO);
    if(*cp & ZAPS & reg) return (YES);
    pp += 2;
    }
  if(usexpr) return (reg & 001);   /* PRI => NO, SEC => YES at end */
  else       return (YES);
  }

/*
** Get place where the currently pushed value is popped?
** NOTE: Function arguments are not popped, they are
** wasted with an ADDSP.
*/
getpop(next) int *next; {
  char *cp;
  int level;  level = 0;
  while(YES) {
    if(next >= stail)                     /* compiler error */
      return 0;
    if(*next == POP2)
      if(level) --level;
      else return next;                   /* have a matching POP2 */
    else if(*next == ADDSP) {             /* after func call */
      if((level -= (next[1]>>LBPW)) < 0)
        return 0;
      }
    else {
      cp = code[*next];                   /* code string ptr */
      if(*cp & PUSHES) ++level;           /* must be a push */
      } 
    next += 2;
    }
  }

/******************* output functions *********************/

colon() {
  fputc(':', output);
  }

newline() {
  fputc(NEWLINE, output);
  }

/*
** output assembly code.
*/
outcode(pcode, value) int pcode, value; {
  int part, skip, count;
  char *cp, *back;
  part = back = 0;
  skip = NO;
  cp = code[pcode] + 1;          /* skip 1st byte of code string */
  while(*cp) {
    if(*cp == '<') {
      ++cp;                      /* skip to action code */
      if(skip == NO) switch(*cp) {
        case 'm': outname(value+NAME); break; /* mem ref by label */
        case 'n': outdec(value);       break; /* numeric constant */
        case 'l': outdec(litlab);      break; /* current literal label */
        }
      cp += 2;                   /* skip past > */
      }
    else if(*cp == '?') {        /* ?..if value...?...if not value...? */
      switch(++part) {
        case 1: if(value == 0) skip = YES; break;
        case 2: skip = !skip;              break;
        case 3: part = 0; skip = NO;       break;
        }
      ++cp;                      /* skip past ? */
      }
    else if(*cp == '#') {        /* repeat #...# value times */
      ++cp;
      if(back == 0) {
        if((count = value) < 1) {
          while(*cp && *cp++ != '#') ;
          continue;
          }
        back = cp;
        continue;
        }
      if(--count > 0) cp = back;
      else back = 0;
      }
    else if(skip == NO) fputc(*cp++, output);
    else ++cp;
    }
  }

outdec(number)  int number; {
  int k, zs;
  char c, *q, *r;
  zs = 0;
  k = 10000;
  if(number < 0) {
    number = -number;
    fputc('-', output);
    }
  while (k >= 1) {
    q = 0;
    r = number;
    while(r >= k) {++q; r = r - k;}
    c = q + '0';
    if(c != '0' || k == 1 || zs) {
      zs = 1;
      fputc(c, output);
      }
    number = r;
    k /= 10;
    }
  }

outline(ptr)  char ptr[];  {
  outstr(ptr);
  newline();
  }

outname(ptr) char ptr[]; {
  outstr("_");
  while(*ptr >= ' ') fputc(*ptr++, output);
  }

outstr(ptr) char ptr[]; {
  poll(1);           /* allow program interruption */
  while(*ptr >= ' ') fputc(*ptr++, output);
  }