7 B). Listen to the recording. What is the main idea of ecotourism? Does it differ from the one you used to have about it?

c). Listen to the recording again. Answer the questions:

• How does a typical holiday often look like? Why do many people look for a different type of holiday?

• What alternative forms of tourism have been mentioned? Can you explain there names?

• What ideas does a definition of ecotourism usually include?

• Give an example of a project which would correspond to such a definition (either of your own or from the recording).

• Is ecotourism a large-scale type of tourism?

• What are the main rules of ecotourism? Can you apply them to other types of travelling? Which of them do you already stick to/are going to implement?

• How important is it to create and maintain the harmony between tourists and the locals? Is it possible at all?

7 D). Listen to it again. Complete the excerpt from the script of the recording.

• Be 1)prepared. Learn about the place that you're going to visit. Find out about its culture and history. Learn a little of the native language, at least 2)basics like 'Please', 'Thank you', and 'Good Morning'. Think of your holiday as a/an 3)opportunity to learn something.

• Have respect for local culture. 4)wear clothes that will not 5)offend people. Always ask 6)permission before you take a photograph. Remember that you are a visitor.

• Don't 7)waste resources. If the area doesn't have much water, don't take two showers every day.

• 8)remember the phrase "Leave nothing behind you except footprints and take nothing away except photographs." Take as much 9)care of the places that you visit as you take of your own home. · Don't buy 10) souvenirs made from endangered animals or plants.

• Walk or use other non-polluting forms of 11)transport whenever you can.

• Be flexible and keep a sense of 12)humor when things go wrong.

• Stay in local hotels and eat in local restaurants. Buy local products 13)whatever possible and pay a 14)fair price for what you buy.

7 e) ‘Ordinary’ and special types of tourism. Work in groups. Look through the list. Can you guess the essence of the following types of tourism? Which of them are modern ‘inventions’? Which are “your types”?

Agrotourism

Ancestry tourism

Cultural tourism

Dark tourism?

Disaster tourism

Drug tourism

Educational tourism

Gambling tourism

Heritage tourism?

Health tourism

Hobby tourism

Inclusive tourism

Medical tourism

Pop-culture tourism

Pilgrimage

Sport travel

Space tourism

Wine tourism

Ex. 8 a) Read the articles about some modern types of travelling. Be ready to discuss the following:

• What do they have in common?

• What are the rewards of this type of travelling?

• What are the risks you face?

Home Exchange (Home Swap or House Swap) is the vacation alternative where you stay in my house and I stay in yours. There are two types of exchanges: home exchange and hospitality exchange. Home exchangers trade their homes or apartments at a time that is convenient to both parties, but these are not the only types of accommodations that one gets to choose from. For example, one exchanger traded his home for a yacht. Another couple swapped their villa in Italy for a RV in Oregon because they had always wanted to tour the U.S. in true nomadic style. Often, home exchangers will include their automobiles as part of the package. If the idea of home exchange is unfamiliar to you, or even a bit frightening, rest assured – there are 250,000+ successful home exchanges every year. Swapping homes can bring many unexpected rewards.

Every exchange is unique and the whole concept of home exchange relies on building a relationship of mutual trust and goodwill. As with all things, there are risks involved. It's natural to have reservations about giving up your home to strangers. What if they're not as tidy as you are? Will they be able to work your home appliances without breaking them? How can you be sure you're not getting a bungalow instead of the villa they described? Most of these risks can be minimized to relieve your worry and fears. And don't forget, the people you're exchanging with face the same risks.

Who are home exchangers? Home exchangers come from all walks of life. Most are fairly well educated, adventurous, reliable, and have an interest in learning more about different places and cultures. Singles as well as couples and families are getting into home exchange.

Home exchanges have been around for some time. In the past, they've been done through word-of-mouth or paper-based catalog listings. Now, however, exchanges through HomeExchange.com™, or other Internet sites, are at your fingertips, literally. Each year, more and more people are getting into home exchange as a way to travel.

Couch surfing is travelling on a budget, using a broad network of contacts in order to get overnight accommodation for free, or at as little cost as possible. Participants, called couch surfers, join dedicated websites, providing as much information about themselves as possible in order to make others feel comfortable hosting them, or using them as a host. Various safety features are generally available in such online networks, like verification of names and addresses, personal references, and 'vouching for' a particular member as a reliable host or guest. Couch surfers are of different nationalities and even ages, though the majority are younger people originating from the USA, Britain, France, Germany or Italy.

As well as the financial advantages of couch surfing, participants also claim that the practice gives them a lot of benefits, allowing them to experience culture and cuisine through the locals, rather than from the confines of sanitized tourist accommodation. Among the most popular couch surfing destinations are New York, Melbourne, Montreal, London and other large European cities such as Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Barcelona and Istanbul.

Background: the term couch surfing (and related forms couch surf, couch surfer, etc) first appeared in 2004 with the launch of website www.CouchSurfing.org, the brainchild of American web consultant, Casey Fenton. Fenton's inspiration for couch surfing came from the experience of finding a cheap flight from Boston to Iceland, and then randomly emailing about 1,500 Reykjavik students to ask if they'd put him up on their sofas. The result was more than 50 offers of accommodation.

The practice of finding accommodation through a community of like-minded travellers – usually referred to as hospitality networks – dates right back to the late 1940s. Web-based hospitality networks have brought the terms couch surfer and couch surf into the public eye, though another popular interpretation of these expressions is in the context of homelessness. People who have unstable, temporary living arrangements are often described as couch surfers.

Hitchhiking (also known as thumbing, tramping, hitching, autostop or thumbing up a ride) is a means of transportation that is gained by asking people, usually strangers, for a ride in their automobile or other road vehicle to travel a distance that may either be short or long. The latter may require many rides from different people; a ride is usually, but not always, free. If the hitchhiker wishes to indicate that they need a ride, they may simply make a hand gesture (signs are also used). In North America and the UK, the gesture involves extending the hitchhiker's arm toward the road and sticking the thumb of their outstretched hand upward with the hand closed. In other parts of the world, it is more common to use a gesture where the index finger is pointed at the road. This cultural difference stems partly from an alternate offensive meaning for the thumbs up gesture in parts of Europe and Asia.

Hitchhiking became a common method of traveling during the Great Depression years when many people looked for work and had little money, much less their own automobile. Large number of unemployed persons were migrating to other areas of the country to find employment. They were promised a room and a hot meal at camps set up by the Government Bureau around the country as long as they could get to them. The Bureau operated such camps until it closed its doors in 1936. During those years, thumbing rides around the country was an accepted fact of life.

Complete the following questions with the words from the articles above. In pairs take turns to ask and answer them.

1. What are the rewards all of these types of travelling bring? (What do all of them have in common?)

2. How can you minimize the risks you face?

3. What time do these ways of travelling date _______ to? (How old are they?)

4. What do you think brought them into the public eye?

5. What do you trust more: the Internet or the word-of-mouth?

6. Do you think it’s sensible to rely on mutual trust and goodwill while travelling?

7. Do you think you could host (put smb up for a night or two) a person you don’t know?

8. Have you ever asked for a ride for free on the road?

Ex. 9. The industry of tourism.

a) Read the passage and answer these general questions on it before studying it in detail.

1. The title of the passage is part of an English proverb. What does it mean’?

2. Which of the following would also be an appropriate title?

1. Tourism destroys the environment and local tradition.

2. Bad planning drives tourists away from Third World countries.

3. Tourism can destroy the very things that sustain it.