3)Offer, suggestion

Shall I carry that for you? (Would you like me to do it?)

4)Asking for instruction

Where shall I put this flowers?

5)Strict order

You shall not take my things!

●“will”

1) WILLINGNESS to do something (e.g. in offers, invitations, requests, and orders)

will not (or won't) when we talk about UNWILLINGNESS to do something (e.g. reluctance, refusal)

I'll give you another opportunity to get the correct answer.

• Mum! Sue won't give me back my pencil case.

2) Volition, intension(mostly with 1^st person)

I will stop smoking! I really will!.

3) Polite request

Will you give me a cup of tea.

4)Announcing decisions

Ok, I’ll buy the tickets if you’ll buy supper.

5)Habitual or recurrent actions

6) Supposition(pr, fut ->simple inf.; past -> perf inf )

This will be a school, I believe.

You will have heard the news, I’m sure.

●”would”(in past-time contexts to express an actual fact; in present time contexts to express unreality or as a milder & more polite form of will)

1) Volition, will, intension, determination(‘+’,’-’; in reported speech, refer to the future)

I said I would do anything for him.

2) Habitual or recurrent actions

3)Refusal to perform the action (ни за что не хотел)

He was wet through, but he wouldn’t change.

4) With lifeless things to show that a thing fails to perform its immediate function(‘-’, simple inf)

The door wouldn’t open.

5)Willingness, consent

Would you do it?

●“dare”

a)defective

b)regular

a)2 forms: dare – pr., dared- past

to have a courage or impertinence to do smth. (its use is very restricted:how-?!, ‘-’)

How dare you say that!

b)all forms, incl. verbals , mainly in “-” sent.

He does not dare to come here again.

-used to say that smb is afraid to do smth at the moment of speaking

The colloquial set phrase: I dare say

I dare say, I looked a little confused.

“очень возможно, пожалуй, полагаю, осмелюсь сказать”

Nobody, anybody + dare  to is optional

●“need”

a)defective

b)regular

a)1f – pr. tense, in reported speech – unchanged, is foll. by the inf. without to

1) Necessity(pr.,fut. -> simple inf; ‘-’,’?’)

‘-’ – there is no necessity of performing the action

You needn’t be afraid of me.

Need I repeat it?

Need + perfect inf =>an action was performed though it was unnecessary, a waste of time or effort

You needn’t have come. The deal is off.

Note! Вам не следует/ не надо беспокоиться(волноваться) – You needn’t worry(be nervous).

b) all forms, incl the verbals ; to-inf; ‘-’, ‘?’

He didn’t need to explain.

Note! Need I ask?(knows the answer)

I need hardly say/tell/remind (people around us already know the answer) – Мне не стоит, нет необходимости…

*Expectations of negative answer (Need I?)

*Obligation or necessity

*Absence of necessity

*To give permission not to do smth

*To say that smth is not necessarily true

*With negative words: hardly, only, never, nobody

*With bother, fear, panic, worry, concern

14.We use Have+OBJECT+Past Participle(CAUSATIVE FORM)to say that we arrange for someone to do smth for us(He had the letters typed)Negations and questions are made with do/does(Pr.S)or did(P.S.):Did he have…? Get is often used inst.of have. The causative can be used inst.of the passive to expr.accidents and misfortunes(He had his nose broken) Make/have+obj+bare inf.are used to expr.that someone causes someone else to do smth,but the meaning is slightly dif-t(make-insist, have-ask)Get+obj+to-inf shows that someone persuades someone else to do smth:She got Ann to tidy her room.”Get married”:in informal Eng. Get is sometimes used with a past participle directly after it in a structure with a passive meaning.

ALL refers to more than 2 people or things.It has a positive mean-g and takes a verb in the plural.It is the opposite of none:All of them(all the children, all 3 of them)laughed.All+that-clause(=the only thing)takes a sing.verb:All that she did was nice.We use all instead of whole with uncount.nouns:I’ve spent all the money. We say all the time in the meaning of ‘always’.EVERY is used with sing.cont.nouns.It refers to a group of people or things and means ‘all’,’everyone’,’everything’,etc.It is used to say how often smth.happens:She cooks lunch every day.Whole(=complete,entire).We alw.use a,the,this,my etc+whole+count: the whole morning=all morning

16.Types of negation. A sent-ce can be made negative by ‘not’ which we may call a negator and by other negators:never,hardly,scarcely,hardly ever,scarcely ever,seldom,rarely,the quantifier no,its pro-form none and its compounds nothing,nobody,no one nowhere.A clause should contain only one of these negators: I have (not,never,hardly(ever),scarcely(ever),seldom,rarely) spoken to his sister. Neither and nor can be used as negators.They are interchangeable:I haven’t spoken to his sister either- Neither/nor have I. They can also be used as negative co-ordinators: Neither George nor I broke the window; We neither need nor want any help from you. In these cases neither comes first nor second. The prefix un-, in- negates a single word and can be used in the same clause as one of the negators: That sentence is ungrammatical,isn’t it? or That sentence is not ungrammatical,is it?

№15.Gerund

The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in coarse of time became verbalized

preserving at the same time it’s nominal characteristics.

Formed by adding suffix ing to the stemp of the verb.

Double nature(has features both of a noun and a verb)

Nominal charact.:

1)can perform the f-n of subject, predicative, object

2)can be preceeded by by a preposition

3)can be modified by a noun in possessive case

or by a possessive pronoun(e.g. my seeing)