Fluctuation (the)

1. Nouns as the subject to verbs:

to approach, to be over, to come, to pass, to sit in

(The) winter came early and unexpectedly with a heavy fall of snow.

2. Nouns as the subject to a nominal predicate

(The) winter is very long here.

(The) summer is a rainy season on the island.

3. Nouns s adverbial modifiers in prepositional phrases:

In, till, until, before, after.

In (the) autumn young Ben was to go a school.

Can’t you wait until (the) winter? Sam asked.

They will not to be able to get through with their work before (the) winter.

§5. Names of meals

X

In the overwhelming majority of cases.

__ Lunch is ready and we can go in. __ Dinner was at an end.

I was having __ tea* with her. They met for __ dinner.

John came to __lunch at the time.

* In Britain, tea = a meal where tea is served

THE

The use of the definite article is infrequent – only in case of back reference (e.g. the recent dinner) or a limiting attribute.

The supper was very different from the one of the evening before.

The dinner was excellent, but Isabel notice that John

He was greedily eating the lunch his mother had given him.

The breakfast was orange juice with cornflakes (the contents are meant)

A

1) Names of meals + a descriptive attribute

I’ll try to give you a decent lunch.

As soon as he was dressed he came downstairs and sat down to a light French breakfast.

2) Owing to a change of meaning names of meals become countable

a) when the noun denotes a dinner party

Fleur said we had a dinner last night.

Each Friday night Mr. March used to give a dinner to the entire family.

I was having a wash before starting out to go to the luncheon Elliot had invited me to.

b) when the noun denotes a portion (a=one)

I have not enough money to buy a dinner at such an expensive restaurant.

§6. Names of diseases.

X

Translate the terms and write them in transcription:

Pneumonia influenza scarlet fever typhus appendicitis herpes	Cholera diabetes lumbago cancer cholera laryngitis	Diphtheria tuberculosis (consumption) mumps diabetes malaria	Measles small-pox chicken-pox jaundice hepatitis typhoid
Заразный заражать заразиться		Contagious, infectious, transmittable, catching To contaminate with, to infect with, canker (прям. и перен.), infest (обыч. паразитами) To contact, be infected with, by, to catch

1) The zero article is used in most cases just to name the kind of disease (in it's nominating function):

He had a bad attack of __ lumbago. She felt with __ flu.

He had almost died of __ cholera. __ Smallpox disfigures the face.

THE

The def. art. is used in clear cases of back reference/limiting attribute.

The family were sitting around watching TV, recovering from the flu.

After the diphtheria Jane felt very weak and depressed.

A/ X