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THE COMPOSITE SENTENCES.doc
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The composite sentences

The composite sentence is built up of two or more predicative lines. It is a poly predicative construction and expresses several elementary situations united into one sentence. Each clause in a composite sentence corresponds to a separate sentence as a part of a contextual sequence. In other words the composite sentence is a structural and semantic unity of two or more syntactic constructions each of which has its predicative centre, that is the predicative line. This unity is built up on a certain syntactic connection and is used in speech communication as a unit equal to a simple sentence.

For ex: I didn’t go there, because I was afraid of the dog. – I was afraid of the dog so I didn’t go there.

When sentences unite into a composite sentence, they come into certain types of grammatical relationships those of coordination and subordination. Sentence clauses in a composite sentence can be joined by special function words or without them. The 1st type of sentences is called the syndetic sentence and the 2nd one is asyndetic one.

The compound sentence

It is a composite sentence built up on the principal of coordination which can be expressed either syndetically by means of coordinating formative words, which are often called coordinators or asyndetically without any coordinators. In this case they speak of zero coordinators. Semantically the clauses connected coordinatively can express different relations such as copulative, adversative, disjunctive, causal, consequential. The same relations can be traced between separate sentences which build up a contextual text. This was one of the reasons why some grammarians namely L.L.Iophic deny the existence of compound sentences as a kind of a composite sentence. But as a matter of fact there is a difference between the compound sentence and the corresponding textual sequence of independent sentences. In compound sentences the cause and effect relations are more clearly expressed.

For ex: 1. Jane liked John, but Peter hated him. 2. Each of the stuck to their view points, so that caused a lot of quarrels between them.

The formative words linking the parts of a compound sentence fall into three types:

  1. Coordinative conjunctions such as – and, but, or, yet and for;

  2. Conjunctive adverbs such as – consequently, further more, hence, however, moreover, nevertheless, therefore, etc;

  3. Fixed prepositional phrases such as – at least, as a result, after a while, in addition, in contrast, in the next place, on the other hand, for example, etc.;

The first part of the compound sentence is called THE LEADING CLAUSE and the second part is called THE SEQUENTIAL CLAUSE.

Types of relations

  1. Copulative relations are expressed by copulative coordinators which connect two clauses and their meanings, the second clause indicating an addition of equal importance, an advance in time or space or intensification.

(And, both…and, equally.and, alike…and, at once…and, neither …more, not…nor)

  1. Disjunctive relations are expressed by disjunctive coordinators which connect two clauses but disconnect their meaning, the meaning of the 2nd clause excluding that in the first. ( or, or...either, either…or, otherwise, else, or…else)

  2. Adversative relations are expressed by coordinators which connect two clauses but contrast their meanings (but, but then, only, still, yet, and yet, however, on the other hand, again, on the contrary, )

  3. Causal relations are expressed by the only coordinator “for”, which connects two clauses and adds an independent proposition explaining the preceding statement.

  4. Consequential relations (elative, inferential) are expressed by coordinators which connect two clauses and introduce a conclusion, consequence, result.

(namely, therefore, on that count, consequently, accordingly, so, then, hence)

  1. Explanatory relations are expressed by coordinators which connect two clauses and introduce and explanation or a particularization. (namely, that is to say, or, such as, as, like, for example, for instance, let us say, say)

British grammarians treat the sequential clauses introduced by such coordinators appositions or appositive clauses. For ex: Out teacher namely Mr.Brown has postponed his lesson.

Pr.Bloch distinguishes marked and unmarked connections in compound sentences. Asyndetic compound sentences built up with the help of zero coordinators and by the copulative conjunction “and” express unmarked connections and such sentences can be called unmarked compound sentences. Marked connections are expressed syndetically with the help of the rest of coordinators excluding the conjunction “and”.

The principal clause is incomplete in sentences with the subject and predicative subordinate clauses. For ex:

1. Why you went there was a mystery to me.

2. his arrival was just what they have expected.

Complex sentences with subject and predicative clauses are called MERGER complex sentences and the principal are called MERGER principal clauses. The complex sentences with a deployment of subordinate clauses in the functions of secondary parts of the sentence such as object ,attribute, adverbial clauses are called NON-MERGER complex sentences. The principal clause can be an invalid one when the complex sentence includes both the subject and the predicative subordinate clauses.

For ex: why he went there is what surprises me. The principal clause is the only link verb IS. Why he went there is subject clause, what surprises me – predicative.

THE OBJECT CLAUSE

It denotes an object situation of the process expressed by the verbal constituent of the principal clause. For ex: They will accept with grace whatever he may offer.

I demand that you should take it.

He says the train won’t come.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES OF SECONDARY NOMINAL POSITION

They include attributive clauses of various syntactic features.

Limiting particularizing attributive clauses usually define what person or what thing we are speaking about. For ex: we again came to the place where we had made a fire.

Limiting classifying attributive clauses restrict the meanings of the anticipnents referring them to certain classes of things or persons. For ex: I don’t like people who smoke too much. I Don’t like clothes that wears too long.

The main clause is not separated from the particularizing and classifying attributive subordinate clauses by a coma. Non-limiting descriptive attributive subordinate clauses are usually separated by comas and they give an additional information about the anticitnents. For ex: I met my bosom friend, who was surprised to see me at the theatre. Such (descriptive attributive ) subordinate clauses can be easily dropped out without destroying the meaning of the principal clause. In such clauses the subordinators which, who, cannot be replaced by THAT or omitted.

Non-limiting continuation attributive clauses are usually introduced by the relative pronoun “WHICH” and very seldom by “WHO”. This clause is attributive only in for, but in meaning it expresses a new predicative event and that is why it is semantically a coordinate clause not a subordinate one; and usually continuative clauses refer to the whole principal clause but not to an anticitnent. A complex sentence with such subordinate clauses can be easily transformed into compound sentences. For ex: She let me use her i-phone, which was very kind of her. – she let me use her i-phone and that was very kind of her.

Appositive nominal clauses are closer to restrictive attributive clauses. The characteristic anticitnents of such clauses are abstract nouns like: fact, idea, question, plan, suggestion, news, information etc. For ex: The news that she had got a second Mercedes shocked everyone.

The characteristic anticitents of adverbial appositive clauses expressing nounal relations are abstract names expressing adverbial relations such as time, moment, place, condition, purpose, etc.

Bloch : we saw him at the moment he was opening the door of his cadellac.

She revealed the secret to her on the condition that she shouldn’t let it go any further.

Appositive clauses of pronominal relation refer to anticintents expressed by indefinite and demonstrative pronouns. For ex: I couldn’t agree with all that she was saying in her irritation. 2. I know something that will drive you mad.

Appositive clauses of anticipatory relation are used in constructions with the anticipatory pronoun “IT”. They fall into subjective and objective types. For ex: Subjective – It will be silly of her if she doesn’t come in time. Objective: I find it silly of her if she doesn’t come in time.

CLAUSES OF ADVERBIAL POSITIONS

They fall into four main types:

  1. Time and space; (for ex: I came in when he was speaking about me.)

  2. Of manner and comparison; (for ex: She sailed in the room as she were a queen of England.)

  3. Circumstantial semantics; (for ex: While the reception was going on, she spoke to him in a low voice; If don’t follow my advice you will get it hot. If I had a lot of money I won’t be sitting here.)

  4. Parenthetical or inserted constructions; (for ex:

Parenthetical clauses are joined to the principal clause on a looser basis than other adverbial clauses. They can stand at the beginning, in the middle, or at end of the sentence. For ex: If I’m not mistaken Jack has called here twice this morning.

Parenthetical predicative insertions can be either subordinative or coordinative. It is determined by the conjunctions used in parenthetical insertions. For ex: Jim said, and I quite agree with him, that it was not good to visit them at such an early hour. (coordinative). Jim said, though I don’t agree with him, that it was not good to visit them at such an early hour (subordinative).

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