- •1. Stylistics as a linguistic discipline. The subject-matter and aims of stylistics.
- •2. Basic approaches to language investigation. The functions of language.
- •Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines.
- •4. Types of stylistics. Kinds of literary stylistics.
- •5. Basic notion of stylistics.
- •Variant-invariant
- •6. Stylistics and the information theory. Basic components of the information transmission model. Chief processes in the information transmission.
- •7. Style as a general semiotic notion. Different interpretations of style. Individual style.
- •8. Expressive means and stylistic devices as basic notions of stylistics.
- •9. The notion of norm. Relativity of norm
- •10. The theory of image. The structure of image.
- •11. The notion of context. Types of context
- •13. Belles letters style.
- •14. Publicistic style.
- •15. Scientific prose style.
- •16. The style of official documents.
- •17. Newspaper style.
- •18. Phonetic means of stylistics: English instrumentation and English versification.
- •Onomatopoeia
- •19. Graphical means of stylistics. Graphon.
- •20. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of nouns; sd based on the use of articles.
- •21. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of pronouns; sd based on the use of adjectives; sd based on the use of adverbs.
- •22. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of verbs.
- •23. Word and its Semantic Structure
- •24. Types of connotative meaning.
- •25. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary.
- •Words having a lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •Words having no iexico-stylistic paradigm
- •26. Stylistic functions of the words with a lexico-stylistic patadigm.
- •27. Stylistic functions of literary (high-flown) words.
- •Poetic diction.
- •Archaic words.
- •Barbarisms and foreign words.
- •28. Stylistic functions of conversational (low-flown) words
- •29. Stylistic functions of the words with no lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •30. Stylistic usage of phraseology.
- •31. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •32. Expressive means of English syntax based on the reduction of the sentence structure.
- •33. Expressive means of English syntax based on the rebundancy of the syntactical pattern.
- •34. Expressive means of English syntax based on the violation of the word order.
- •35. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the interaction of syntactical constructions in context
- •36. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of syntactical meaning in context.
- •37. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of the types and means of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •38. General characteristics of stylistic semasiology. Semasiology vs onomasiology. Lexical semasiology vs stylistic semasiology. The notion of secondary nomination.
- •39. General characteristics of figures of substitution as semasiological expressive means. Classification of figures of substitution.
- •40. Figures of quantity.
- •41. Figures of quality: metonymical group.
- •42. Figures of quality: metaphoric group. Types of metaphor.
- •43. Figures of quality: epithet. Semantic and structural types of epithets.
- •44. Figures of quality: Irony. Context types of irony.
- •45. General characteristics of figures of combination as stylistic devices of semasiology.
- •46. Classification of figures of figures of combination.
- •47. Figures of identity (equivalence): simile, synonyms-substitutes and synonyms-specifiers.
- •48. Figures of opposition: antithesis, oxymoron.
- •49. Figures of inequality (non-equivalence): climax, anticlimax, pun, zeugma.
- •50 The notion of the text! Different approaches to the definition, Basic classifications of text models.
- •51 Basic notions of literary text
- •It is characterized by:
- •52 The notion of the author of the literary text. Internal and external aspects of the author’s presence. Author’s image as a textual category.
- •53 The narrator in a literary text. Types of narrators with regard to the author and with regard to the textual world.
- •54. The degree of the narrator’s presence in a literary text (degree of perceptability).
- •55 The notion of the narrative perspective (focalization). Types of narrative perspectives.
- •56 Facets of focalization (perceptive, psychological, ideological)
19. Graphical means of stylistics. Graphon.
Graphon – the intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word (or word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation.
Functions of Graphon:
serves as a means of speech characterization supplying information about the speakers origin, social and educational background, physical or emotional conditions etc.;
often creates a humorous effect;
it helps to convey the atmosphere of authentic life communication some amalgamated forms that are result of assimilation. (gonna, lemme)
used in advertisement to attract the audience with an unusual form (sooper).
Other graphical means used in stylistics to emphasize the unheard phonetic characteristics – the pitch of the voice, the stress and other melodic features:
punctuation marks – a series of dots, dashes, exclamation and question marks;
spacing of the graphemes (multiplication – laaarge; high phonation – a-l-o-n-e; capitalization – HELP)
different types of print: bold type, italics;
a specific arrangement of printed materials.
20. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of nouns; sd based on the use of articles.
The main unit of the morphological level is a morpheme — the smallest meaningful unit which can be singled out in a word There are two types of morphemes: root morphemes and affix ones. Morphology chiefly deals with forms, functions and meanings of affix morphemes.
Affix morphemes in English are subdivided into word-building and form-building morphemes. In the latter case affixation may be: 1) synthetical (boys, lived, comes, going) 2) analytical (has invited, is invited, does not invite); 3) based on the alteration of the root vowel (write - wrote)', 4) suppletive (go - went).
There are few language (or paradigmatic) synonyms among English morphemes and only some of them form stylistic oppositions, e.g. he lives- he does live. Come! -Do come! Don't forget- Don't you forget This scarcity of morphological EM which is predetermined by the analytical character of the English language is compensated by a great variety of SD.
Morphological SD as a deliberate shift in the fixed distribution of morphemes can be created by means of: a) the violation of the usual combinability of morphemes within a word, e.g. the plural of uncountable nouns (sands, waters, times), or the Continuous forms of the verbs of sense perception (to be seeing, to be knowing, to be feeling): b) the violation of the contextual distribution of morphemes, which is called form transposition.
SD BASED ON THE USE OF NOUNS
The invariant grammatical meaning of the noun, that of substance, is realised through grammatical categories of number, case, definiteness / indefiniteness which can be used for stylistic purposes.
Such SD may be based on a) repeating the same words in a syntactical construction, e.g. women are women, or b) using metaphorically nouns which belong to different lexico-grammatical classes, e.g. He is a devil with the women (S.Barstow).
In the opposition of singular:: plural the latter is a marked member, and, accordingly, the possibilities of its stylistic use are greater. Nevertheless, singular forms can also acquire stylistic meaning , e.g. to shoot dark, to hunt pig. The formant 's' as the marker of the category of possessiveness constantly widens the sphere of its usage and its combinability. It frequently combines with inanimate and abstract nouns, e.g. kitchen's work, the plan's failure. Sometimes it refers to a word group or a sentence, e.g. The blonde I had been dancing with's name was Bemice Crabs or Krebs (J.Salinger). As a result, the opposition N1 of N2 : : N2's N1 loses its stylistic character.
SD BASED ON THE USE OF ARTICLES
Articles which form the nucleus of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in modern English may be regarded as analytical formants that might impart to the noun a stylistic colouring.
There are two ways of achieving a stylistic effect through the usage or non-usage of articles:
the violation of usual combinability of the definite and indefinite articles with proper names and the nouns denoting unique objects (sun, moon, sky, earth). The indefinite article with proper names might acquire evaluative meaning. While the definite article indicates a temporary or permanent quality of the person in question. Names of unique objects while used with the indefinite article acquire the meaning "one of many";
the transposition of the meaning of an article in context in this case the objects or phenomena are introduced by the narrator as if they are familiar to the reader. This
device is sometimes called in medias res (the beginning from the middle).