- •1. Introduction. Es and their influence on a ability to live of the people
- •2. Classification and the notions of extreme situations and catastrophes.
- •1. Natural disasters:
- •3. The tasks and organization of a state service of medicine of catastrophes.
- •4. Basic features of a service mc in es.
- •5. Basic divisions of a service of mc.
- •Lecture №2
- •1. General principles of medical evacuation of the population in extreme situations.
- •2. Kinds and volume of medical aid.
- •3. The first aid.
- •The volume of the first medical aid:
- •4. Premedical aid.
- •5. The first doctor’s aid.
- •6. Qualified and specialized medical aid.
- •7. Medical sorting.
- •1. Introduction Characteristic of the main injury factors in catastrophes.
- •2. Characteristic of the amount and structure of population losses in catastrophes.
- •3. Medico-tactical characteristic of natural disasters.
- •1. Flood
- •2. Hurricanes and storms.
- •3. Earthquakes.
- •4. Snow avalanches, snow drifts and icings.
- •5. Lightning
- •6. Fires
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of transport catastrophes.
- •1. Aviation accidents.
- •2. Road - transport accidents.
- •3. Accidents on river and sea transport.
- •4. Railway accidents.
- •Medico-tactical characteristics of accidents.
- •Introduction.
- •Introduction.
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of accidents on chemically - dangerous enterprises.
- •The principal measures and means of protection from hata.
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of failures on radiation dangerous objects.
- •Protective measures of the staff and population.
- •Lecture №6
- •Extreme situations and disaster area
- •Medical help to children in catastrophes.
- •The plan of lecture
- •1. Behavior of the people in es and disaster area.
- •Organization of the psychiatric help at the stages of medical evacuation.
- •2. Peculiarities of organization of the medical help to children.
2. Classification and the notions of extreme situations and catastrophes.
There are several scores of definition of catastrophes in the world and native literature. According to «Temporary criteria of the information about extreme situations», (1990), criterion of an extreme situation of technogenic and natural character is the casualty number of 10-15 persons, 2-4 dead, and also group acute infectious diseases in 50 men, of the unknown ethiology in 20 persons and feverish diseases of the unknown ethiology in 15 persons, and also, if the mortality and morbidity rate exceeds the average statistic in three and more times. Situation is also considered to be extreme in “external unexpected abrupt states of emergency in industrial accidents and catastrophes, ecological and other disasters characterized by indefinite and difficult solutions, considerable economic damage, human casualties, and, therefore, large human, financial and time expanses on realization of evacuation-rescue works and liquidation of consequences of these accidents, catastrophes and disasters”. For Health Service organization it is the number of casualties including the dead that is the main criterion for this definition.
The extreme situation is a situation caused by natural or technological disaster, at which arises a sharp disproportion between the need for the medical help and opportunity of its maintenance by available forces and means of health service while using the everyday forms and methods of work.
In emergency situation there is practically always the necessity to protect the inhabitants from the factors, dangerous for life, to do rescue work and render urgent medical aid to the victims.
The literature gives common signs of the notion catastrophe or disaster, such as unpredictable and unexpected situation arising suddenly or somewhat extended in time and accompanied by serious threat for health and life of separate groups or large quota of the population and even of all society as a whole, as well as disturbance of routine way of life, integrity of an environment.
In this case catastrophe is the sharpest form of a social pathology in general and medico-social problem in particular.
Catastrophe or disaster is an extreme situation caused by forces of a nature or human activity and accompanying by mass affection of the people with all peculiarities of a pathology, damage of some part of medical institutions, liquidation of which consequences need the help of forces and means from the outside of area of disaster with use of the special forms and methods of their work.
The main medical consequences of the catastrophes are the transient appearance of considerable quantity of injured, mental disorders in people in the disaster area, human and material losses. As a result of the factor of suddenness of the catastrophe there can be a discrepancy between urgent need of medical aid to a large number of injureds and possibilities of the forces and means of health services in its rendering.
Therefore, by mass losses of population it is expedient to consider an extreme situation, in which the number of the injured persons requiring the medical help, exceeds the possibility of rendering it by health service forces and means in the disaster area.
The World Health Organization suggests the classification of disasters (catastrophes) according to their origin (meteorological, topological, telluric, tectonic, accidents).
While classifying the catastrophes it is expedient to divide them into: