- •1. Introduction. Es and their influence on a ability to live of the people
- •2. Classification and the notions of extreme situations and catastrophes.
- •1. Natural disasters:
- •3. The tasks and organization of a state service of medicine of catastrophes.
- •4. Basic features of a service mc in es.
- •5. Basic divisions of a service of mc.
- •Lecture №2
- •1. General principles of medical evacuation of the population in extreme situations.
- •2. Kinds and volume of medical aid.
- •3. The first aid.
- •The volume of the first medical aid:
- •4. Premedical aid.
- •5. The first doctor’s aid.
- •6. Qualified and specialized medical aid.
- •7. Medical sorting.
- •1. Introduction Characteristic of the main injury factors in catastrophes.
- •2. Characteristic of the amount and structure of population losses in catastrophes.
- •3. Medico-tactical characteristic of natural disasters.
- •1. Flood
- •2. Hurricanes and storms.
- •3. Earthquakes.
- •4. Snow avalanches, snow drifts and icings.
- •5. Lightning
- •6. Fires
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of transport catastrophes.
- •1. Aviation accidents.
- •2. Road - transport accidents.
- •3. Accidents on river and sea transport.
- •4. Railway accidents.
- •Medico-tactical characteristics of accidents.
- •Introduction.
- •Introduction.
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of accidents on chemically - dangerous enterprises.
- •The principal measures and means of protection from hata.
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of failures on radiation dangerous objects.
- •Protective measures of the staff and population.
- •Lecture №6
- •Extreme situations and disaster area
- •Medical help to children in catastrophes.
- •The plan of lecture
- •1. Behavior of the people in es and disaster area.
- •Organization of the psychiatric help at the stages of medical evacuation.
- •2. Peculiarities of organization of the medical help to children.
6. Fires
Fires – is the natural spreading of burning manifesting by destroying action of fire, come out from the control of the man. Fires, as a rule, appear at violation of measures of fire safety, as a result of the lightning discharge, spontaneous ignition, especially during a drought and other reasons.
Forest fires-is non-regulated burning of the plants extending on the forest area. Depending on what elements of a forest the fire is spreading, the fires are subdivided into: ground, crown and underground (soil).
Ground fires are spreading only along soil cover (burning of needle underbrush, fallen folium acerosum, leaves, bark, wind fallen twigs and branches, stumps, etc.).
Crown fires can be superficial and stable. In the latter case fire is moving as a solid wall from the soil cover up to the tops of the trees at speed up to 8 km/h. Superficial fires arise only at a strong wind, fire is spreading by ‘jumps’ for a long time with speed up to 25 km/h and usually passes ahead of the front of ground fire.
The underground (soil) wood fires usually are the development of ground fire. They arise on sites with peat soils or on the places having very thick layer of the bedding. In a peat layer fire usually goes deeper at trunks of trees, the burning occurs slowly, flamelessly. The roots of trees are getting burnt, they fall down, forming tree barriers.
The peat fires more often arise in places of peat extraction from the lightning discharges, because of the violation of the rules of dealing with fire or because of spontaneous ignition. The peat burns slowly on all depth of occurrence. The peat fires cover the large areas and it is difficult to extinguish them.
The fires in cities and settlements arise in the violation of the fire safety measures, malfunction of electric wires, as a result of acts of nature (earthquake, hurricanes), failures. The fires in cities and settlements have moral and psychological influence on the people and break their normal vital activity. The fires are divided into separate (burns one or several buildings), mass (burns up to 20 % of buildings), solid (burns up to 90 % of buildings). The solid fires covering in cities more than 90 % of buildings, quite often transfer into fire storms, they cause the occurrence of burns of a various severity at the population. The products, coming out during the burning have high toxicity, especially at the burning of polymers. Carbon monoxide can form an explosive mix with oxygen. In the smoke of fires there are such toxic products, as carbon oxide, oxides of nitrogen, chloride hydrogen, cyanids, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide gas etc., which also result in a poisoning of the people. According to the data of V.V. Chumakov (1993) 18 % of the population on fires perish from poisonings with a hydrocianic acid and charcoal gas.
Features of rendering of the medical aid at fires:
Necessity of rendering aid to large number of people suffered from burns, and also to the poisoned by carbon oxide and smoke;
Careful search of injureds on smoked territory and inside the burning houses. Search is carried out for avoiding poisoning: one searches, and second insures him with the help of a rope, being in a less dangerous place.
In conditions of strong smoke and congestion of carbon oxide the rescuers should work in gas masks with use of additional filtering bed, absorbing charcoal gas.
The first medical aid should be rendered in maximum short terms and near a place of fire. At large number of injureds the medical establishments should be strengthened by the burns teams.
Lecture №4