Question 25: Influence of History on the Development of English

Plan:

N

Total speakers:

First language: 309–400 m Second language: 199–1,400 m Overall: 500 m–1.8 b

Language family:

Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Anglo–Frisian

Writing system:

Latin (English variant) 

Official language in:

53 Countries United Nations European Union Commonwealth of Nations nato nafta ukusa

B: Main category is verb, as a result of turbulent history and insular geographic position

1.Celtic languages are limited to a few areas in Great Britain, the Isle of Man, Ireland, Cape Breton Island, Patagonia, and on the peninsula of Brittany in France. The spread to Cape Breton and Patagonia occurred in modern times. In all areas the Celtic languages are now only spoken by minorities.

2.History  Old English  Old Norse language of Viking invaders Middle English , borrowing heavily from the Norman 

Celtic-Latin-Anglo-Saxon-Latin-French-Dutch-English-Modern English

3. Borrowings from Latin

4. Germanic borrowings

5. Standards for learners

6.Vocabulary

7.Written accents

8.Lingwa Franca

Question 26: Early History of the usa

Plan:

1. The earliest settlers - Asian (Siberians, Mongolians) hunters and nomads who followed the game. Beringia

2.The first Europeans were Icelandic Vikings, led by Leif Ericson, in about the year 1000.

Modern Europeans knew nothing about the American continent till the 15^th century.

3.Spain

• Need for gold > India > Osmans > New way

• Presupposition the Earth was spherical.

• Spanish throne strengthened its positions, got absolute power and began outer territorial expansion.

• In 1492, the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus landed on one of the Bahama Islands.

• In 1497 Amerigo Vespucci proved that the land discovered by Columbus was not India, but a new land

4. For the next 100 hundred years Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English and French explorers sailed from Europe for the New World, looking for gold, riches, honour, and glory. But instead of this they had to face wild severe land.

5.Britain

• The first steps were stimulated by hostility to Spain, Henry VIII’s reforms

• 17^th century in - New England near Cape Cod in Virginia. Puritans

• Businessmen. Criminals

6. Colonial America

The 3 main nations – England, Spain and France – the chief nations who established the colonies.

Spain - Florida Texas, Southwest including California.

The French - the St. Lawrence River (Quebec and Montreal), the Great Lakes, the Mississippi, Louisiana

Gradually Britain began to dominate. And the colonies paid duty on different things. Colonization lasted for 300 hundred years. The peoples approached from the east to the west and from the south to the north.

Frontier

The religious and political turmoil in Europe forced ppl to emigrate.

By the 17^th century small farms began to give way to large plantations, which were cultivated by slaves, particularly Negro slaves from Africa.