1. Latin Borrowings

First Layer - Continental

• Names of objects of material culture and products Anglo-Saxons bought: stræt, weall (wall), cycene, myln (mill), pipor (pepper), wīn (wine);

• Substantive ‘castra’ made part of a number of names of cities: Chester, Manchester, Winchester, Worchester, Leicester; ‘strata’ – Stratford; ‘fossa’ – Fossway, Fosbroke.

Second Layer – insular

The words of the second layer directly or indirectly belong to the sphere of religion , church and education: biscop, cleric, apostol, deofol, mæsse, munuc, māʒister;

Under Latin influence some native words acquired new meanings: ēāstron (originally a heathen spring holiday) acquired the meaning Easter. (see Semantic shift)

2. Celtic

uisge (water) – Usk, Esk; dun (dune) – Dumfries; llan (church) – Londonderry; coil (forest) – Kilbrook; inis (island); inbher (mount); bail (house).

3. Old Norse

Some Scandinavian suffixes are found in the Geographical names:

-by (byr-town) – Derby;

-dale (dalr-valley) –Avondale;

-toft (toft-grassy spot) – Langtoft;

-ness (nes-cape) – Inverness;

-beck (bakkr-rivulet) – Trontbeck;

-wick/wich (vik-bay) – Greenwich.

Task:

1. Learn lecture material

2. Read and take notes: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language by David Crystal pp. 22 – 29

3. Watch lectures 1 – 8: take notes of ALL lexical examples.

Related topics for research:

1. Language and history (how the language reflects historical events and global changes);

2. Vikings in Britain (the story of the throne succession);

3. Scandinavian Mythology and mythological world structure.

The research has to be done with the reference to at least 5 sources. 10 – 15 pages of printed text, font – 14 Times New Roman.