Bone-shaped wires strengthen concrete

Master the head words.

bone — кость

bulb - баллон, сосуд

shape - форма, очертание, вид

volume — объем

according to - согласно, в соот­ветствии с...

to bend - сгибать(ся), гнуть to bond - связывать, скреплять to snap - сломаться to perform - исполнять, совер­шать

133. State parts of speech. Translate the words.

researcher, bulbous, bone-shaped, wire, wireless, hard, hardness, snap, weak, weakness, weakly, research, contain

133. Put down the corresponding adjective.

Model: enable - able

endurable - enlarge -

enrich - enclose -

133. Translate the combinations (a) and the sentences (b) given below; mind the mean­ing of the word time.

1. much time, a little time, less time, many times, several times, a few times, more time, ten times, fewer times, little time, no time, ten times stronger, several times harder, a few times longer

2. The material is ten times stronger. The highway will be two times longer. The concrete was 90 times harder. Two times two equals four.

Ten times five equals fifty. 100 x 10= 1000 1000x7 = 7000

133. Translate the combinations into Russian in writing; translate them back into English orally.

bone-shaped wires -

enlarged ends —

concrete's volume —

straight wire —

Mind Participles I, II.

research performed at the laboratory -

bone-shaped wires added to the material —

load transferred to the wires -

steel wires bonding with the concrete -

straight wires snapping under high stress —

133. Change the infinitives into gerunds l)-3) and a participle 4).

L (To add) bone-shaped wires to concrete increases its

strength and hardness.

2. Steel wires were used for (to reinforce) concrete.

3. Straight steel wires can snap without much (to bend) and

(to stretch) .

2. The first cracks (to appear) in concrete, it became even

stronger.

Read and translate the article.

Bone-Shaped Wires Strengthen, Harden Concrete

Mixing small wires with enlarged ends into concrete increases the material's strength and hardness, according to research performed at the National laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

Researchers found that when bone- shaped wires 25 mm long were added in amounts equal to just 1 percent of the con­crete's volume, the strength increased by as much as 84 percent. The concrete was also 93 times harder.

Straight steel wires have been used to reinforce concrete for several decades. But wires of this kind bond only weakly with the Fig. 2. Bone-shaped wires concrete at their ends. Besides, it turned out

that straight wires can also snap under high stress without much bending or stretching. In stress tests concrete containing the wires with bulbous ends became even stronger after the first cracks appeared as the load was transferred to the wires.

138. a) Jbir work. Have a talk with your groupmate on the advantages of bone-shaped wires added to concrete. Use the questions given below.

1. What is the length of bone-shaped wires added to concrete?

2. What are the disadvantages of straight steel wires?

3. What did the results of stress tests show?

b) Think of a few questions of your own on the subject.

Unit Nine

PIPE

STRENGTHENING AREA'S SURFACE STORAGE AT THE PLANT

Master the head words.

density - плотность pavement — мостовая

to shed - проливать, лить, пропускать to shut down - закрывать

139. Stale parts of speech. Translate the given words.

dense, store, storage, pave, pavement, unstable, repair, cause, shed

139. Translate the combinations into Russian in writing. Tntnslute them hack into Eng­lish orally.

storage area -

pavement surface -

stone layer -

pi pc storage area —

high-density pipe —

economical way of repair —

139. Read and translate the following questions.

     1. Why was it necessary to repair the pipe storage area at the plant?

     2. What caused cracks in the stone layer?

     3. What substance were polypropylene fibres mixed with?

Read and translate the article.

The plant where high-density polyethylene pipe is being manufac­tured needed repairs to its pipe storage area. The repairs became necessary because the stone layer did not shed water and it caused cracks. The crack­ing of the storage pavement area made it nccessary to stabilize the site.

So it became necessary for engineers to look for a way that would be economical and would not require shutting down the operating area of the plant. After testing a number of alternatives, it was decided to use polypro­pylene fibres for the purpose. It was found out that when being mixed with soil the fibres produce the nccessary stability. The way the engineers pro­posed turned out to be economical and quite successful.

THE NEW CONCRETE PIPE - THE BENCHMARK OF STRENGTH

This article may serve as an example of advertising modern special journals are so full of.

Master the key terms and head words.

concrete's pipe's versatility high quality manufacturing

advanced — передовой benchmark - отметка высоты sewer - сточная труба, коллектор to trust - верить, доверять

142. Translate the following combinations.

sanitary sewer advanced mix design

deep bury situations benchmark of industry

Read and translate the article.

The new concrete pipe being manufac­tured may be classified as the benchmark of industry. Among other excellent qualities, it possesses the highest structural strength com­pared with any sanitary sewer.

Fig. J

sediment - осадок sponge - губка urban - городской solid - твердый

What are the main characteristics ofthe pipe that make it so popular? These are ad­vanced concrete mix design, and steel rein­forcement. High quality manufacture pro­cesses allow the pipe to be used in any site conditions, from shallow fills to deep bury sit­uations. Strength, concrete's pipe's durability and its versatility are the main properties that are combined in the pipe. They produce the technol­ogy one can trust.

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION Storm-Water Pollution Filter

Master the key terms and head words.

shallow fill - низкая насыпь bury situations — зарытые место­положения versatility - многообразие

basket - корзина drain - дренаж, водосток oil - нефть, масло reduction — уменьшение, сокра­щение

143. State parts of speech. IVanslate the words.

pollute, new, newly, major, sponge, depend, dependable, aftereffect, re­duce, enter, entrance

143. Put down a) verbs corresponding to the given nouns, b) verbs corresponding to the given adjectives, c) nouns corresponding to the given verbs, d) adjectives corre­sponding to the given adverbs.

a) Model: invention - to invent

reduction - to absorption - to

removal —to filtration —to

2. Model: absorbable - to absorb

dependable - to suppliablc - to

usable - to buildablc - to

removable — to

2. Model: to circulate - circulation

to produce — to relate -

to evaporate - to exist -

to depend -

2. Model: newly-new

successfully - generally —

commonly - actually -

additionally —

143. Read the terminological combinations. IVanslate them from Russian.

drain pipe — дренажная труба drainage pipeline - дренажный трубопровод external cooling - внешнее охлаждение internal heat - внутреннее тепло

143. Combine the attributes (a) with the nouns (b). Translate the given Russian combi­nations into English (c).

(a) oil (b) population filter

sponge duct circulation

urban hole railway

substance

(c) Model: губчатый фильтр - sponge filter

циркуляция нефти -

губчатое вещество —

городское население -

нефтепровод - '

смазоч ное отверстие —

междугородная железная дорога -

143. Translate the following combinations.

relatively low cost

newly invented urban filter

commonly used filters

polymer filtration sponge

removal of grease (жир), oil, and garbage (утиль)

Read and translate the article.

The newly-invented urban storm-water pollution filter is successful­ly used to reduce storm-water pollution. The filter removes the major por­tion of oil, grease, sediment, and garbage from stormy water and cleans it before it reaches the drain system and enters it. Solid pollutants, such as garbage and sediment, are collected in an internal basket of the filter. About 80 percent ofthe oil and grease is collected in a polymer filtration sponge. The newly invented pollution filter serves a safe and dependable installa­tion against water pollution caused by storm aftereffects.

It should be also noted that one more advantage of the filter is its price; the cost of the filter is lower than the cost of other commonly pro­duced filters.

143. Form the answers to the given questions. I. What is the filter used for?

to reduce, is used, it, pollution.

2. What substances pollute the water?

substances, to these, belong, and sediment, oil, grease.

3. In what part of the filter are oil and grease collected? a filtration sponge, are collected in, oil and grease.

149. Describe the urban storm-water pollution filter.

conventional - обычный, нормальный to accommodate - приспосабливать fatigue - усталость (металла)

150. State parts of speech. Translate the words.

accommodation, number, fatigue, allow, rapid, solve, accommodate

150. Put down the combinations with the opposite meaning.

Model, the same scuppers - different scuppers (scupper — желоб)

more man power —

heavy equipment —

difficult transportation -

slow installation —

non-conventional materials -

simple materials -

hjgh resistance —

150. IVanslate the following combinations into Russian in writing. Translate them back into English orally.

a great number of problems easy transportation

holes cut in the deck rapid accommodation

150. Read the following combinations. IVanslate them from Russian.

fatigue crack - трещина от усталости deck floor — пол балкона fatigue limit - предел усталости deck slab - плита для настила fatigue of metal — усталость металла deck roof - плоская крыша

Read and translate the article.

The fibre reinforced polymer bridge deck is a newly-invented arrange­ment. It is made up of composite materials. They are extremely useful since, because of their composition, they have a wide range of application. Com­pared with other conventional materials they can solve a much greater num­ber of problems.

One of the advantages of the bridge deck is that it is highly resistant to corrosion and fatigue. The material it is made up of is very easy to transport; it also allows rapid installation using lighter equipment and much less manpow­er. Holes arc easily cut in the deck. They can be closed out to accommodate the same drainage scuppers that are used on conventional decks.

deck - опалубка rapid — быстрый to solve - решать

BRIDGE DECK

Master the key terms and head words.

What are the five advantages of the fibre reinforced polymer bridge deck?

Control Yourself

REVIEW OF UNITS 8 9

Can you choose the correct variant without consulting the articles of Units 8-9? If you fail to do it, we recommend you to repeat the corresponding material.

1. Concrete is considered to he

   1. a universally used material

   2. a frequently used material

2. Various kinds of concrete are used

   1. for a limitless number of building purposes

   2. only for some building purposes

3. The main property of concrete is

   1. its relatively low cost

   2. that it can be formed into monolithic slabs

4. Concrete is known to be

   1. fire-resistant

   2. fire- and decay-resistant

5. Concrete is produced

   1. by combining coarse and fine aggregates

   2. by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water

6. There exist(s)

   1. only one way of producing concrete

   2. many different ways of producing concrete

7. The only disadvantage of concrete is

   1. that it has no form of its own

   2. that it does not possess tensile strength

8. Concrete is frequently combined

   1. with steel and iron

   2. with copper

9. The main good qualities of prestressed concrete are

   1. its high strength and durability

   2. its buildability and low cost

10. a)High-grade concrete has practically limitless use

11. Ferro-concrete is widely used

1. for construction of girders and beams

2. for construction of foundations, girders, beams, and dock walls

   12. Silica concrete belongs to

       1. comparatively old types of concrete

       2. comparatively new types of concrete

   13. Decrease in weight leads to

       1. a considerable increase in strength

       2. a considerable decrease in strength

   14. Foamy and cellular types of concrete

       1. possess heavy weight

       2. possess light weight

   15. The quality of the cover zone is important for

       1. providing concrete durability

       2. providing concrete lire-resistance

   16. Increasing workability of the mix is achieved

       1. by pouring additional water into the mix

       2. by evaporating water from the mix

   17. Additional water produces

       1. concrete's reinforcement corrosion and cracking

       2. concrete's reinforcement corrosion-resistance

   18. a) The use of CFRP plate bonding \ was considered to be useful b) The use of steel plate bonding / for strengthening the tower.

   19. Mixing wires with enlarged ends into concrete

       1. decreases the concrete's strength and hardness

       2. increases its strength and hardness

   20. For repairs of the pipe storage

       1. polypropylene fibres are mixed with soil

       2. polypropylene fibres are mixed with gravel

   21. The urban storm-water pollution filter cleans the stormy water

       1. before it enters the drain system

       2. after it enters the drain system

   22. Solid pollutants are collected

       1. in an internal basket of the filter

       2. in an external basket of the filter

   23. Composite materials

       1. are rarely used

       2. have a wide range of application

   24. The fibre reinforced polymer bridge deck

       1. is highly resistant to corrosion

       2. is highly resistant to corrosion and fatigue

   25. The material it is made up of allows rapid installation using

       1. heavy equipment and more manpower

       2. lighter equipment and less manpower

Cover the right column. Translate the following pare your variants with the given ones. Correct

1. Загружайте заполнитель.

2. Уменьшите время перемеши­вания смеси.

3. Приготовьте бетонную смесь с тонким наполнителем.

4. Этот песок не пригоден для приготовления бетона. Он слишком крупный (грубый).

sentences into English in writing. Com- your mistakes if any.

1. Charge the aggregate.

2. Reduce the mixing time.

3. Prepare a fine aggregate concrete mix.

4. This sand cannot be used for the preparation of concrete. It is too coarse.

Cover the right column. IVanslate the following sentences into Russian. Compare your variants with the given ones.

1. Measure the cement by mass.

2. Measure the water by volume.

3. Measure the aggregate by mass and volume.

150. Измеряйте цемент массой.

151. Измеряйте воду объемом.

152. Измеряйте заполнитель массой и объемом.

6 - W149

Unit Ten

FASTENERS

Devices Used for Fastening

Master the key terms and head words.

device — прибор, устройство sheet - лист, полоса, пластина series - серия, группа to fasten - скреплять, прикреп­лять

154. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian.

fastening device - прибор для закрепления fastening bolt - соединительный болт fastening screw - закрепляющий винт sheet copper - листовая медь sheet iron - тонкое листовое железо

154. Translate the following combinations.

heavy timber construction

laminated wood framing

light framing construction

Read and translate the extract.

to intend - намереваться,

предназначать screw - винт

The fastening devices are the necessary elements in any construction work and as such they are highly in use. There are two main series of this type of deviccs. To one type belong devices intended for light framing. They are usually made of sheet metal. To the other type belong devices used for heavy timber and laminated wood framing. These arc made of metal plate.

anchor — анкер bearing — опора

Answer the question: In what way do the two main series of fastening devices differ? Master the key terms and head words.

gun — ружье, орудие hammer - молоток, молот

83

Unit Ten. Fasteners

nail - гвоздь

pin - стержень, шип. булавка

screw - винт, болт

to bear - поддерживать, подпи- to sharpen — заострить to finish - отделывать

рать

156. Read the examples. Translate tliem from Russian.

screw driver — отвертка

finish nails - отделочные гвозди

screw joint - винтовое соедиие- finished material - готовый Ma-

ние

bearing wall - несущая стена nail work — забивание гвоздей nail iron — гвоздильное железо

териал finishing - отделка bearing area — несущая площадь

157. Translate the examples into Russian.

screw fastening screw shaped element

Read and translate the article.

Many connections in wood structures depend on direct bearing of one member ofthe stmcture on another for their strength. Various simple fasteners are used for constructing purposes. Of them wood fasteners in­clude nails, screws, bolts, anchors and some others.

Nails are generally made of plain steel. It is of interest to note that steel used for nails is uncoated steel. Practically, nails are sharpened metal pins driven into wood with a hammer or a mechanical nail gun. There exist different types of nails. Among them common nails and finish nails are the two types most frequently used for fastening. Common nails have flat heads and are used for most structural connections in light framing constructions. The main property of finish nails is that they are headless. Finish nails are used to fasten finish wood work.

Fig. 4 shows the sizes of common nails. One can see that finish nails are the same length as common nails. Nails are usually named according to the purpose for which they are used as flooring, roofing, etc. Besides common and finish nails, there exists a great variety ofother shapes. Face nail is a nail driven through a side of one wood member into the side of another one.

As to the screw nail, it has the form of a spiral. It turns like a screw when it is driven with a hammer.

bearing surface nail head

Nails that are exposed to rain, snow, and fog should be of a corro­sion-resistant type.

Toe nail

Why are nails so popular in the process of construction? They are extremely popular for fastening wood since they require no predrilling of holes. Another property that makes them so popular is that they are very simple to insert with a hammer or a mechanical nail gun.

Face nail

End nail

C=i

I

J>

V

to U to

t%' г

Ллт Jtfmm 15mm

Y V V V

«w я* «и jm w w ш icu kj ы ta ьс sa V 5 V 5* Г H' J*' У 2%' W W I* ifc-

/9mm /17mm IMmr ЛИ mm (9mm «пот Л mm Я(йп «faun 57 m/л .5/."nra «т

Screws

Master the key terras and head words.

brass — бронза, латунь drywall - стенка на сухой клад­ке (без раствора)

screwdriver — отвертка

to drill - сверлить

to insert - вставить, воткнуть

158. Add prefix reTranslate the new words.

Model: construct - reconstruct - переделать, pcконструировать

install — — __

insert — -

mount — —

159. Complete the sentences (b). Add the \wrds given below (a).

     1. ... mounting hardware ... drywall screws ... lag screws ... brass, copper, gun metal ... a screwdriver ... reinserted ... the drilled holes

     2. 1. Screws are produced from ...

        2. Screws are inserted into ...

        3. Screws are turned with ...

        4. Screws are often used for...

        5. Screws can be easily ...

        6. ... arc used for heavy structural connections.

        7. Brittle (хрупкие) and weak screws are called ...

           160. Read the combinations. lVanslate them from Russian.

lag screw - рельсовый шуруп wrought nail - кованый гвоздь drill steel - буровая сталь

160. Use the English attributes a) and translate the Russian ones b).

     1. sharp, common, bearing, flat, nailable, plain, main, sheet, anchor, fastening, gun

Model', оружейное масло — gun oil

Unit Fourteen 112

WINDOW 112

Unit Fifteen 128

FLOOR 128

Control Yourself 132

REVIEW OF UNITS 13-15 132

Unit Two 30

EXCAVATION 30

Unit Three 42

FOUNDATION 42

Unit Five 40

WOOD 40

^^HrT -- ^i] T-- ^! ' J * 87

Control Yourself 89

REVIEW OF UNITS 4 7 89

Unit Nine 125

Control Yourself 138

REVIEW OF UNITS 8 9 138

Unit Eleven 92

Unit Twelve 116

CEILING 116

Read and translate the article.

Screws are cylindrical fastenings. They are driven through the side of a member by a screwdriver. Their heads may have different forms: flat, round, or raised. Screws are produced from iron, copper, brass, or gun-metal.

Screws are inserted into drilled holes and turned with a screwdriver. They are little used in light framing since they take much more time to in­stall than nails. But they are often used in furniture. They make stronger connections than nails. They can be reinserted if a component must be re­mounted. \fery large screws for heavy structures are called lag screws. As to drywall screws they are weak and cannot be used for structural connections.

162. Pair work. Put these questions to your groupmate.

1. What type of fasteners do wood fasteners include?

2. What type of steel serves for producing nails?

3. What devices are used for driving nails into wood members?

4. Why should some nails be of a corrosion-resistant type?

5. For what reasons are nails highly popular in construction work?

6. What form do screws have?

7. By what device are screws driven through the side of a member?

8. What metals are screws produced from?

9. For what reason are screws little used in light framing?

10. What is the name of very large screws used for heavy structures?

11. What do you know about drywall screws?

12. What is the difference between nails and screws?

MIND SIGNALS AND WARNINGS USED ON CONSTRUCTION SITES!

Fasten the load! - Укрепите груз! Nail up this box. - Заделайте этот ящик. This area should be used for storage. - Эту площадь следует использовать для складирования.

TABLE VII Types of Nails

roofing nail	кровельный гвоздь
concrete n.	гвоздь для бетона
flooring n.	г. для деревянных полов
raft n.	брусковый г.
flat-headed n.	г. с плоской шляпкой
conus-headed n.	г. с конусовой головкой
to nail	прибивать гвоздями

163. TYanslate the examples given in the table a) from English into Russian; b) from Russian into English.

Unit Eleven

ROOF

Master the key terms and head words.

flat - плоский near - близко, около nearly - почти pitch — скат, наклон slope - уклон

sloping - пологий, покатый shingles (of wood) - дранка, дере­вянная черепица, гонт slate — шифер thatch — солома, тростник unit - элемент, сборная часть therefore - поэтому, следова­тельно

164. Which of the given words are adjectives? adverbs?

broad, useful, considerable, economically, the only, the very, considerably, quickly, bcautiless, attractive, nearly, proper, sloping, hardly, hard, slowly

164. Put down the verbs corresponding to the given nouns a); the nouns corresponding to the given verbs b).

Model: a) reconstruction - to reconstruct - перестроить b) to consider - consideration - рассмотрение

1. installation -to -

limitation —to —

dependence — to —

existence - to -

2. to protect - —

to restore - -

to supply - —

to decrease — _e —

164. Read the given terminological combinations; translate them into Russian.

flat roof shingle nail thatched roof

sloping (pitched) roof unit area

164. Translate the following combinations into Russian.

properly chosen roofing materials uneconomically large sloping roof beautiful and well-installed flat roof roofing materials consisting of small units 168. Read and translate the questions.

1. What are the two main types of roof?

2. What factors does the covering of the roof depend on?

3. Which type of roof dries itself quickly of water?

4. What types of covering consist of small units?

5. What are their good qualities?

6. For what reason shouldn't pitched roofs be installed on broad and large buildings?

7. Which part of roof can serve as a balcony or a landscaped part of a building?

8. Are t hatched roofs used in modern big cities? If not, why? Where are they mostly used nowadays?

Read the article. Translate it into Russian.

T he roof is a necessary component of practically every building. It serves to protect the interior of the building from rain, snow, wind, and cold. There exist many types of roofs, the main ones beingsloping (pitched) roofs and flat (or nearly flat) ones.

It is a well-known fact that every roof should have a covering. The type of covering of a roof mainly depends on the form of the roof and some other factors. The pitched roof is known to dry itself quickly of water. There­fore it can be covered with roofing materials consisting of small individual units. To these belong, for example, slate, shingles of wood, tiles of fired clay or concrete. These materials are widely used and popular as roofing coverings since they have a number of useful qualities. Firstly, the small units they consist of are easy to install. Secondly, they are easy to repair since they are individual and small. Thirdly, it should be taken into ac­count that they are rather cheap. So if a pitched roof is manufactured of properly chosen material and is well installed, it looks beautiful and at­tractive. But, of course, pitched roofs have their disadvantages. Roofs of this kind should not be installed on broad and large buildings. They do not look attractive on such buildings. As to Hat roofs, they can cover very broad buildings. Another advantage of these roofs is that they can serve as balco­nies and decks and even be landscaped parts of buildings they cover. But they also have some disadvantages. One of them is that water evaporates too slowly from their surfaces.

Different roof coverings are used and they serve different purposes: of them shingle and sheet metal roofs may cover any type of building. But as to thatched roofing it is mostly used for country buildings, historic res­torations and some types of specialized buildings.

Lean-To

0Јee. Conical. Poly^pnaL KingPast, Qubbo

\ Tie Вют/ F Straining Sill. KinЈPostTruss. Queen Post.

Couple Close. f Belfast

^ Princess Ax.

Queen, with Princess Posts

Hammer Beam.

Mansard

Camber V ?

French. Belgian or Fink.

Knee Власе Pratt

North L.ght or Saw Tooth

Warren

ШШШ

N'or Linville

Lattice

Whipple Murphy

'N огНо^Вчзск

Fink.

Bolman.

Crescent.

Fig. 5. Roof

169. Pair work. Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions of Ex. 168.

MIND THE FOLLOWING SIGNALS AND WARNINGS USED ON CONSTRUCTION SITES!

Don't stand under the load! - He стойте под грузом!

No passage. Stop! - Проход в одном направлении. Стой!

Give the signal to lift the load. - Дай те сигнал о готовности к подъему.

Place the lorry for loading. - Установите грузовик под погрузку.

Clear the building area! - Очистите погрузочную зону!

Unload the platform! - Разгрузите эту платформу!

The job requires a bulldozer. - Для этой работы требуется бульдозер.

Read the English and Russian variants of the signals and warnings.

170. Pair work. Ask your groupmate to translate the examples given in the table a) from English into Russian; b) from Russiau into English.

Read and translate the article.

Loads on Roof

Generally the load on roofs consists of two components: the snow load and the wind-pressure. The action of these loads is quite different on flat roofs and pitched ones. The snow load on flat roofs is great; practically it is at the maximum. As to the wind pressure on roofs of this type, it is very small - practically it is at its minimum. On pitched roofs the situation is different; when the pitch of the roof increases the weight of the snow load decreases. As to the wind pressure, it increases with the increase of the pitch.

Arrange a talk on the article. Think of 5-6 questions covering it. Put the questions to your groupmate.

Unit Twelve

CEILING

Master the key terms and head words.

ceiling - потолок feature - особенность, характер­ная черта impression - впечатление; пред­ставление joist - брус, балка level — уровень; нивелир

luminous - светящийся; блестя­щий

pattern - образец; форма, модель rafter - стропило; балка spread - рассеивание; разброс tight - плотный; непроницаемый visual - видимый; наружный

171. Which of the given words are nouns? verbs? adjectives? Translate the words.

impress, impressive, impression, visual, vision, light, luminous, rafter, slope, light, sound

171. Put down the corresponding nouns.

Model: to impress - impression — впечатление

to attach — —

to construe t - -

to resist — —

171. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian.

luminous effect — световой эффект pattern maker - модельщик level surface - поверхность уровня pattern plate - модельная доска

171. Translate the combinations into Russian.

sloping plane wood joists important feature

visual impression steel joists spread of light and sound

171. Translate the sentences. Mind pronoun any.

     1. Ceilings of any material can be attached to wood joists.

     2. Any ceiling should be resistant to the spread of fire.

     3. The visual impression of the ceiling is of importance for any room.

172. Read and translate the questions. Find answers to the questions in the article below.

     1. What members are ceilings attached to?

     2. What do the planes of ceilings correspond to?

     3. In what way should the surface of a ceiling be constructed?

     4. What important features does a ceiling possess?

Read and translate the article.

Ceilings are considered to be extremely important parts of any room. A well-designed ceiling is one of the most pleasing features of a room. In modern constructions the variants of ceilings are limitless.

Ceilings can be produced of many various materials both natural and artificial. Their colours, texture, pattern, and shape are of great importance for the visual impression of the room. Ceilings of any materials may be attached to wood joists. Usually they are attached very carefully and tight­ly. They may be attached to wood joists, wood rafters, or steel joints.

A ceiling can be a simple, level plane. Or it can be two or more slop­ing planes. It should be noted that these planes correspond to the form of the roof construction above.

The ceiling surface is an important functional component in any room. It can have a luminous surface or a richly ornamented and decorat­ed surface. It is of importance to note that it should be constructed in such a way asto help control the spread of light and sound about the room. One more important feature ofthe ceiling surface is its resistance to the spread of fire.

SUSPENDED PLASTER CEILING

Master the key terms and head words.

plaster - штукатурка to suspend - подвешивать

to support - поддерживать

171. DeHne parts of speech. IVanslate the words.

wire, powerful, support, plaster, suspend, vary, fibrous, absorb, high

171. Read the following terminological combinations. IVanslate them from Russian.

1. suspender - подвеска

suspended ceiling - подвесной потолок suspended support — подвесная опора suspending girder - подвесная балка

2. supporter - поддержка supporting frame - несущий каркас supporting beam - несущая балка supporting power - поддерживающая сила

3. gypsum plaster - гипсовая штукатурка plasterer - штукатур

plaster of Paris — алебастр plaster board - штукатурная плита

4. gypsum plaster - гипсовая штукатурка gypsum floor — гипсовый пол gypsum board - гипсовая плита

5. wireman - электромонтер wire bridge - висячий мост wireless - радио, радиотелеграф