1Does wood as a structural material have only advantages? If not, what

roofing - покрытие крыши to roof- настилать крышу surface — поверхность to belong to - принадлежать (к)

are its disadvantages?

2 Is wood a strong building material? If not, why?

3 Does the water content in the cut wood increase or decrease?

4 I What forms is wood changed into? And for w hat purposes? Compare wood in panel forms with boards. What do they differ in?

5 What elements are plywood panels made up of?

TABLE II Kinds of Wood

древесина	wood, timber
березовая д.	birch wood
дубовая д.	oak w.
клееная д.	glued w.
пропитанная д.	impregnated w.
слоистая д.	laminated w.
д. мягких пород	softwood
д. твердых пород	hardwood

fill translate the given combinations a) from English into Russian; b) from Russian into English.

TIMBER

Master the key terms and head words.

Moor - пол, этаж flooring — настилка полов fmme - рама, корпус removal - устранение, переме

шение roof - крыша, кровля

fi I. State parts of speech. Translate ever}' word.

lurdwoods. surface, polluter, remove, pollution, removal, belong, roof, belongings, resist, renew

62. form the nouns. Translate the words.

Model: resistabic - rcsistability - способность к сопротивлению

workable — —

removable — -

renewable - -

usable — -

62. Read the examples. Translate them into English.

surface area - площадь поверхности

floor boards - настил

floor timber - половая балка

roof iron - кровельное железо

roof ventilation - потолочный вентилятор

roofer - кровельщик

62. Choose and put down the English equivalents to the Russian word combinations given below.

Model: загрязненный воздух - polluted air

surface waters, floor frame, roofer, chemical pollution, decorative pur­poses, surface cracks, strips of land, chemically polluted air, floor boards, roof iron, laminated panel

слоистая панель —

кровельщик -

поверхностные трещины -

полоски земли -

химически загрязненный воздух —

декоративные цели —

химическое загрязнение -

шпангоут —

поверхностные воды -

настил -

кровельное железо-

62. Give the Russian for the following terminological combinations.

constantly polluted atmosphere chemically produced corrosion

naturally renewable resources commonly used types of wood

constantly increasing global pollution

62. Translate the following questions.

    1. What structural materials does timber belong to?

    2. What is it produced from?

    3. What are the main advantages (disadvantages) of timber?

I Why is removal of water from timber useful for construct ion purposes?

S What are the two main types of timber? What are soft woods (hardwoods) used for?

7 How much of the world's land surface is considered to be covered with forests?

S What countries are rich (poor) in forests?

Mi к) and translate the article.

Timber belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been t • * nit ancient times and is still produced from cut wood. Timber has always Ihtm highly usable in construction because of its many advantages. To these I'olohg its strength, light weight, cheapness, and high workability Its other ukmiage is that it belongs to natural resources and is naturally renew- iMc It is the more so that about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides, limber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern polluted atmosphere. One more •Jv.intage of timber is that it can be used for many construction purposes. Hut. naturally, timber has disadvantages and the main ones are that it is hoi fire-resistant and it easily decays: especially if it is not impregnated. Ilrsidos, freshly cut limber contains water that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should i kc place before timber is used in practice. It increases strength and work­ability of the material and, of course, its durability.

What is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roof­ing and for other various woodwork. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods. Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials >»M!d for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and panelling. As to oft woods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames и id other kinds of woodwork.

07. Answer the questions of Ex. 66. Translate the extract In writing. Use a dictionary If nccessary.

Timber is wood, suitable for building and structural purposes. There are over 4000 woods in common use throughout the world. I lie best and most commonly used softwoods popular for structural work in many countries are redwood, whitewood, pine, red cedar, sequoia, beech uid some others. As to the hardwoods, the best known ones include beech, birch, blackwood, chestnut, elm, mahogany, maple, myrtle, oak, rosewood, walnut and some others.

Unit Six

METALS

Master the key terms and head words.

expensive - дорогой framework - основа, каркас, рама invention - изобретение joint - соединение, стык rare — редкий skyscraper - небоскреб slab - плита (каменная, метал­лическая) traffic - уличное движение to cast— отливать to introduce - вводить, выдвигать to join - соединять, присоеди­няться к to turn out — оказываться to turn - сделаться, повернуться turner — токарь cast in situ - литой на месте wrought iron - сварочное железо

68. Read the examples. Ask your groupmatc to translate them a) from English into Russian; b) from Russian into English.

    1. caster - литейщик

cast concrete - литой бетон

cast iron - чугун

cast steel - литая сталь

2. joiner - столяр, плотник joint place - место стыка

joint slock company - акционерное общество joint traffic — комбинированное движение

3. iron worker - металлист

iron industry — черная металлургия wrought iron — сварочное железо wrought nail - кованый гвоздь stab roof - кровля из плит

68. Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate every word.

Model; cuttcr - to cut; фреза — резать

caster -to ; -

joiner -to ; -

turner -to ; -

iron worker —to ; —

inventor -to JL : - ll

introduction —to ; —

invention —to : —

l«M>ieclion —to ; —

•'llmlnation -to ; -

0. Read the examples. Translate them from Russian.

Пип right! left! - Сверни направо! налево! f in 11 on (off) the cutter! - Включи (выключи) фрезу! W hen heated, the metal turned red. - Металл покраснел, когда его на­грели.

MIND THE SIGNALS!

No left turn! - Влево не поворачивать! No traffic! — Движение запрещено! Don't turn over! - He кантовать!

IVanslate the signals from Russian.

¹1 translate the following sentences. Mind the Complex Subject.

I For a long time steel was considered to be a rare and expensive con­struction material.

) Bronze is known to have been used by the ancient people for joining heavy blocks of stone.

i The Bessemer process is known to have been invented and introduced into practice in the middle ofthe 19th century.

I The Eiffel Tower of Paris is known to have been extremely unpopular for a long period after its construction. Nowadays it is considered to be one of the greatest attractions of Paris.

* According to modern scientists, skyscrapers proved to be extremely injurious (вредные) for people's health.

iu id and translate the article.

from the History of Metals >

Metals began to be widely used as const ruction materials not so long Before the beginning ofthe nineteenth century metals played little .tmctural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining i mi ts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze lur joining slabs of stone.

It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal struc­ture was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in England. The strength of the bridge turned out to be so great that now, more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy mod­ern traffic across the Severn.

In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America. Steel was not widely used, being considered a rare and expensive building material. Inexpensive steel first began to be produced and used only with the invention of the Bessemer process, in the 1850s. From that period on, metal started to be used as rather popular and useful building material. The famous Eiffel Tower of Paris was constructed of wrought iron in 1889. By that period several steel frame skyscrapers had already been built in the United States. That was the beginning of the new era; a new highly useful and popular construction material had been born and introduced into building industry.

72. Answer the questions given below. Try to do it without consulting the text of the article.

    1. For what purposes were metals mostly used before the beginning of the nineteenth century?

    2. What did ancient Greeks and Romans use bronze for?

    3. When and where was the first all-metal structure built? What can you say about its present-day condition?

    4. What kinds of iron were introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century?

    5. Why was steel as a building material unpopular for a long period?

    6. What is the essence of the Bessemer process?

    7. What was the global result of its invention?

    8. What material is the famous Eiffel Tower constructed of?

    9. In what country were the first skyscrapers built?

    10. Are they good to live in? Would you like to live in a skyscraper?

73. Thinslate the extract in writing. Use a dictionary if necessary.

The Empire State Building was built in 1931 in the United States of America. Its construction took about two years. The exterior of the sky­scraper is supported by a framework produced of steel. It should be noted that 60,000 tons of steel were used for its production. The Empire State Building is considered to be one of the tallest and spacious construction of the world. It can be attended by 80,000 people simultaneously.

FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS

Mutter the key terms and head words.

»!!o> сплав i utption - исключение In tous — обозначение соедине­ний закиси железа to lorge — ковать

to melt - отливать, плавить to pull - тянуть

to pool down - сносить построй ку

7-4 Read the terminological combinations. IVanslate them from Russian.

It¹ nous metal - черный металл i. iinus iron - закисное железо H lnfofcement metal - железная арматура

поп - без, не-, анти- non-nietal - металлоид

7V See Ex. 74. in hi ferrous metal - цветной металл oon bearing wall - ненесущая стена mm-corrosive material - нержавеющий материал

>f» Put down the corresponding verbs. IVanslate the words.

Model: possession — to possess

• veept ion - to corrosion - to

pollution — to fabrication - to

77. See Ex. 74.

rucltcr — литейщик

iilloycd steel - легированная сталь

Ir-Mstance alloy - сплав высокого сопротивления

inching tank - котел для плавки

Mger - кузнец

Mrging test - испытание на ковкость pulling machine - подъемная машина

7К. State parts of speech. Translate the words. cxiTpi, forge, meltable, meltability, ferrous, fusible, support, light, con- duel, conductor, conductivity

\/Read and translate the article.

All metals, with the exception of mercury (ртуть), are hard- and fire- resistant. The common properties of metals being hardness and high fire- resistance, they are widely used in modern construction.

Metals are divided into two main groups: ferrous and non-ferrous. Iron, steel and their various alloys belong to the group of ferrous metals, while the main component of non-ferrous metals is not iron.

All metals have some common properties; they can be pulled, forged, and melted. They are also good conductors of electricity.

Ferrous metals are commonly used for construction of supporting members. Steel and other ferrous metals serve as reinforcement in ferro­concrete constructions.

As to non-ferrous metals, their advantage is their being light. They are also good conductors of electricity, copper being the best one. Metals possess high resistance.

79. Pair work. Think of several questions covering the article. Put them to your group-

mate.

STEEL

Master the key terms and head words.

avnount - количество, сумма careful -точный, старательный

general - общий, общего характера ordinary — обычный, простой

80. Put down the corresponding adjective; translate the words.

Model: partially - partial - частичный

carefully - -

safely - ^ —

generally - —

ordinarily - —

carelessly — —

TABLE III Kinds of Steel

roofing steel	кровельная сталь	strips.	полосовая с.
alloyed s.	легированная с.	welding s.	сварочная с.
sheet s.	листовая с.	reinforcing s.	арматурная с.
stainless s.	нержавеющая с.

M l Kiad the terminological combinations given in the table. Translate them from En­glish into Russian and from Russian into English.

M / I raits I ate the terminological combinations.

imllrutfy steel

• HilitKiry structural steel

i ontiollcd amount .1!

t mi it rolled amount of carbon

dloyod steel -f-qj-r¹*- —' -^L^r

«т . ,1011 resistant alloyed steel

h o I Irames

j«n fully designed steel frames

1 iiiiilcss steel

rl.mi equipment produced of stainless steel

lirrt .steel

tttffienilly used sheet steel

H \ translate the following questions.

I What group of metals does steel belong to? ' What substances can steel contain? 1 What amount of carbon does steel generally contain? 1 What materials can be used for producing plant equipment? v What is the construction purpose of steel frames? For what reason must they be carefully designed?

H4 Read the following decimals.

I.I 07; 15.008; 110.95; 0.003; 0.01; 45.0006; 100.95

Mi ltd and translate the article. -

What is steel as a construction material? Steel may be classified as iron itlt t he controlled amount of carbon. The amount of carbon in steel isgener- illy less than 1.7 percent. Ordinary structural steel should contain less than i Inoc tenth of one per cent carbon. This kind of steel also contains small amounts of phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and silicon. Like iron and its .Ihivs, steel belongs 10 ferrous metals. It is a hard substance. Accordingly, it i ЛП be pulled, forged, and melted. Generally, steel, this strong metal, like oth- 1-« metals, is a good conductor of electricity. Alloyed steel and stainless steel .in' corrosion-resistant kinds of steel. Corrosion-resistant materialsare known 1»1 Ik* widely used for plant equipment, furnaces, valves, etc.

It should be noted that steel frames as a whole and their separate ft.it is should be carefully designed: their function is to be able to carry the l< tads imposed on them and supported by them.

ALUMINUM. ALUMINA

Master the key terms and head words.

alumina - глинозем, окись

алюминия ductile - гибкий, ковкий foil - фольга middle - середина oxygen - кислород

85. Put down the corresponding a) nouns; b) verbs; c) adjectives; d) nouns.

    1. Model: ductile - ductility

pure -

durable -

resistive -

2. Model: comparison - to compare

addition -to

ornamentation - to

generation -to

location - to

3. Model: easily - easy

relatively —

generally —

additionally —

extremely -

4. Model: oxygenous - oxygen

porous —

transferable —

comparable -

advantageous -

85. Put down the combinations with the opposite meaning.

Model: powerful transfer - powerless transfer

short distance —

cheap foil -

interior ornamentation -

unnecessary details -

power - сила, энергия, мощ­ность

relative - относительный transfer — передача, перемеще­ние

comparable amounts -

till t у surfaces -

I Hire atmosphere —

H7. Use ibe word power as an attribute. Translate the combinations.

Model: power engineering — энергетика

plant

supply

station ч -. j ''. ^^h^M

generation

cable

loader

KK. Read the combinations. Translate them from Russian.

iluminacement - глиноземный цемент pure) copper - красная медь power loader - ковш для загрузки бетона loil covering - покрытие из фольги ductile materials — гибкие материалы lomsfer service - служба передачи

transferred load - нафузка, передаваемая Элементами друг другу Kend and translate the article.

Aluminum is a considerably new structural material. For a long peri­od it was considered to be rather expensive since its production required i lie use ofelectric power. Because of its relatively high cost, aluminum was not very popular as a constmction material till the middle of the twentieth century. But now the situation is absolutely different.

Aluminum and aluminum-based alloys are extremely popular and не widely used in various forms for construction purposes.

The advantages of aluminum, compared with other popular metals, are its high strength combined with lightness. High-purity aluminum (about pure) is soft and ductile bin its great disadvantage is that it is not strong enough. At the same time it has high corrosion resistance and is used in construction of buildings as bright foil for heat insulation, roofing, exterior and interior architectural ornamentation.

And what about aluminum alloys? They are much more advanta­geous than pure substance, Aluminum alloys are much harder and strong­er than pure aluminum. Besides, pure aluminum is rather difficult to cast while many of its alloys are extremely easily cast. Pure aluminum is easily ;illoyed with other metals. And these combinations possess a great variety of usage. For example, when alloyed with copper, aluminum possesses

14 >VV I К

4 6044

additional strength. Unfortunately, it is much less corrosion resistive than alloys with manganese, chromium, or magnesium and silicon.

One more advantage of aluminum is that it can be easily remelted over and over again.

Aluminum combined with oxygen forms a new oxide. Its name is alumina. Alumina is a colourless crystallic substance. It is glass hard solid and extremely durable.

It should be also noted that being an excellent conductor aluminum is widely used in power engineering. It serves for long-distance transfer of electric power.

89. Which of the qualities listed below can be classified as advantages (disadvantages) of materials used for construction purposes?

ductability, poor conductance, low durability, high corrosion resistance, high purity, low strength, high cost, low cost, excellent conductance, hard­ness, workability, poor purity, high strength

89. Pair work. Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions given below.

    1. Why was aluminum unpopular for a long period?

    2. What good qualities does aluminum possess?

    3. Where is aluminum in the form of bright foil used?

    4. What are the advantages of aluminum alloys?

    5. Can aluminum be remelted?

    6. In what way is alumina produced?

    7. What are its properties?

    8. What does aluminum serve in power engineering for?

Unit Seven

BRICK, TERRACOTTA. CERAMIC TILES

Part 1

Minter the key terms and head words.

tiny - глина

ими tar - раствор

|мнн слабый, скудный,

бедный, плохой rnw сырой ын materials - сырьё

I —

under да/, - под. ниже,

менее, недо- underburnt - недостаточно обожженный

shale - сланец shape - форма, очертание texture - структура, строение to take into account - прини­мать во внимание

over pref. —	над, свыше,
сверх-
overburnt —	пережженный

I /Ыг work. Ask your groupmate to translate the examples given below a) into Rus­sian; b) into English.

neper рузка - overload пережженный - overburned под юмное убежище - undershelter и и">ыючмый вес - overweight и. достаточный размер - undersize нпдемотршик — overman перепроизводство - overproduction подпочва — undersoil

Mate parts of speech. IVanslate every word.

pollution, extremely, porous, poor, poorly, size, shape, fabricate, clay, burn, hi ick, underweight, overproduce

4*

92.	Connect (he English combinations with the corresponding Russian ones. Take into account the different translations of the word poor.
	Model: 1. poor light	— с) тусклый свст
L	poor light	а) тощая (бедная) смесь
2.	poor knowledge	b) слабая прочность
3.	poor contact	с) тусклый свет
4.	poor mixture	d) слабые знания
5.	poor strength	с) плохой контакт
6.	poor vacuum	Г) недостаточный вакуум
93.	Translate the following combinations into Russian.

extremely strong and glass hard bricks

undcrburnt and highly porous bricks

clay and shale used as raw materials

wood panel used as constaiction material

bricks produced by drying in the sun

bricks made of mortar and burnt clay

few forests and little timber

many forests and much timber

polluted atmosphere and polluted soil

eco-friendly production and eco-friendly usage

(eco-friendly — экологически благополучный)

94. Translate the sentences. Mind the Nominative Absolute Construction.

1. Salmon brick being porous and underburnt, its strength is extremely poor.

2. Modern bricks being different in size, texture, and colours, one can easily choose the type of brick nccessary for one's construction.

3. Timber being strong and workable, it is widely used for flooring and roofing.

4. Freshly cut wood containing some moisture, it cannot be classified as a strong building material.

5. The upperstratum of soil being organic, it must be removed from the building area.

6. Wood panels requiring less labour for installation, they are widely used for construction purposes.

Read and translate the article.

Brick, stone, and timber are known to be the oldest building materials. Bricks belong to artificial (man-made) materials. Their production started in prehistoric times. Since then they have been produced and tested in all types

• >1 </limateand in many countries. Thousands of years ago the builders in Egypt iliv ady knew the advantages of bricks and used them forconstruction. In those «l.ivs the production of bricks was quite different from the modern one: bricks wnc produced not by burning but by drying in the sun, there being much unahine in Egypt all the year round. Brick work was also popular in Rome,

• I it* ю being very few growing forests and as a result little timber there.

In modem times bricks can be made of concrete, mortar, of burnt clay .mil of a combination of some other substances. Forexample, different types ol day and shale can be used as raw materials. Accordingly, bricks produced ik>wadays have different sizes, shapes, colours, and textures. Bricks also vary with the method of fabrication and temperatures of burning. It should be

• и »ted that some types of brick, such as, for example, salmon bricks are un­derburnt and highly porous. Naturally, theirstrength is extremely poor. This I щ iperty of salmon brick should be taken into account when choosing brick material for construction. But there exist many other types of brick that are extremely strong and almost glass hard. Between these extremes there lie .nine other types of brick with different properties. Brick properties are of tffeat importance and should be taken into account while choosing material и>r construction purposes.

Choose and put down the correct variant.

1. Shale and clay belong to (inatural, man-made) materials.

2. (Metal and glass, clay and mortar) are used

for fabricating bricks.

3. I n {prehistoric, modern) times bricks (are, were)

made by (drying in the sun_y burning) .

4. Russia is extremely (rich, poor) in raw materials.

5. There were (many Jew) growing forests in Rome in pre­historic times.

6. Bricks (iare extremely different, do not differ) i n size,

colour, and texture.

96. Mr work. Put these questions to your groupmate.

1. What building materials are considered to be the oldest ones?

2. What natural (man-made) materials are used forconstruction nowa­days?

3. Is brick a newly produced or an ancient building material?

4. In what countries are there (many, few) growing forests?

5. What countries are rich (poor) in raw materials?

6. What properties of brick should be taken into account when choos­ing material for building purposes?

7. Was the atmosphere polluted in the ancient world?

8. Why is the modern atmosphere polluted?

9. What processes pollute the atmosphere nowadays?

Part 2

Master the key terms and head words.

adhesive [^d'hisivl - клейкий dependence - зависимость flat - плоский; квартира inch, in. - дюйм square - площадь, квадрат tile - плитка, кафель, черепица to apply - применять, прикла­дывать to consist of — состоять из to depend on, upon — зависеть от by means of - посредством, с

помощью glaze - глазурь

glazy - глянцевый, блестящий

97. Supply the missing parts of speech. Translate the words.

Model: Verb

to apply

Verb

to_

to

to

to exist

to

to resist to lengthen

to

to

Noun

application Noun

decoration dependence

depth

Adjective applicable

Adjective

various, variable

(in)dependent usable, useful, useless

wide

98. Read the examples. Translate them from Russian, glazier - стекольщик

adhesive substance - клейкое вещество tile floor - мозаичный пол joint place - место соединения

98. Fill in the following prepositions: because of, on, to, 0/, by means of_% in.

    1. What building materials belong the oldest ones?

    2. Does the colour of tiles depend the colour the clay?

i What ingredients does concrete depend ?

I What does the weight live load depend ?

5. Overburntand underburnt bricks are unpopular their poor

strength.

(• < cramic tiles are applied adhesive substances.

7. (Concrete, metals, arid plastics belong construction mate­rials widely used nowadays.

N. What ingredients does concrete consist ?

In ancient Egypt stone blocks were joined bronze.

in European countries are rich timber.

Йен! and translate the article.

Ceramic Tiles

It is a well-known fact that there exist many types of bricks. Some of

1. In in are highly usable in construction while others are not popular be-

• uisr of their poor properties. Between these types there lie various types (h.ii .ire used for specific purposes. To them belong, for example, ceramic

^^HrT -- ^i] T-- ^! ' J *

<Ceramic tiles is a burned-clay product. It is mainly used for decora- nv< and sanitary purposes.

A ceramic tile consists of a clay body (корпус) covered with decora- \\w glaze. Ceramic tiles are usually flat in form. They are extremely vari­ous They vary in size from about 1/2 in square to more than 6 in. Their shapes are widely variable: squares, rectangles, hexagones, and others.

• mimic tiles are produced from clays of different colours. But — strange

  2. *i к is - their colours do not depend on the colours of clays they are made nl I ilesare glazed, asa rule, and their colour depends on the colour ofthe Д|/с they are covered with. It is quite natural that ceramic tiles in practice f xlst in wide variety of colours: from pure whites to deep darks and blacks. < Vtamic tiles are applied to the covered surface by means of a mortar or nine adhesive substance. They are usually applied with the thinnest mor­tal joint.

100. /bir work. Put these questions to your groupmate. I^t him/her answer them. I Is the body of a ceramic tile covered with some substance? What sub­stance is it covered with?

2. What spheres are ceramic tiles used in?

3. Do they differ in forms, colours, and shapes?

4. What are their colours and sizes?

   5. By what means are ceramic tiles applied to the surfaces? Are they applied with a thick or thin adhesive joint?

Read and translate the article.

Terracotta

Terracotta belongs to decorative types of brick. They are produced of burned clay. Their structural properties being similar to the properties of brick, they are often used in a manner similar to brick. Terracotta also exists in a wide variety of colours from pure whites to blacks. Their colour depends on the colour of the glaze they are covered with. Different adhe­sive substances are used for the application of terracotta to the surfaces being decorated with them.

101. Ibir work. Think of 3-4 questions covering the article. Put them to your group mate.

TABLE IV Types of Brick

clay brick	глиняный кирпич
ceramic b.	керамический к.
lime and sand b.	известково-песчаный к.
common b.	красный к.
porous b.	пористый к.
solid b.	полнотелый к.
air b.	пустотелый к.
wall b.	стеновой к.
shaped b.	фасонный к.
cellular b.	ячеистый к.
pressed b.	прессованный к.

102. Read the combinations given in Table I V. IVanslate them a) from English into Rus sian; b) from Russian into English.

103. Translate the English variants of the given sentences into Russian in writing. Com­pare your variants with the given ones. Mind your mistakes If any.

1. Bricks are divided into several grades.

2. In what way should bricks as a building material be transported?

3. Don't load bricks in bulk!

4. Don't use pale bricks or overburned bricks.

   1. Кирпич делится на несколько марок.

   2. Каким путем следует переносить кирпич как строительный ма­териал?

   3. Не грузите кирпич навалом!

   4. Не используйте недостаточно обожженные или пережженные кирпичи.

Control Yourself

REVIEW OF UNITS 4 7

< мм you choose toe correct variant without consulting the articles "Construction Mate- il»iK \ "Wood", "Metals", "Brick"? In case you fail to do so, we recommend you to n l»eat the corresponding material.

1. High cost and low fire-resistance are classified as

а) advantages of construction materials

b) disadvantages of construction materials

2. Cement, brick, and concrete may serve as examples of

   1. natural materials

   2. artificial materials

3.Durability, strength, and high fire-resistance are properties

1. of stone

2. of wood

4. Iron, steel, and their alloys belong to

• ferrous metals

• non-ferrous metals

5.One of the advantages of cast iron is

1. its cheapness

2. its high cost

6. Aluminum is

1. a good conductor of electricity

2. a poor conductor of electricity

7 Wood is considered to be

1. the only naturally renewable material

2. one ofthe naturally renewable materials X. In cut wood water content is

   1. constantly increasing

   2. constantly decreasing Steel, brick, and concrete ;i) differ in their properties

b) have the same structural properties 10 I he drier is the cut wood

1. the lower is its strength

2. ihe greater is its strength

   11. Large structural members are produced by glueing together

       1. large strips of wood

       2. small strips of wood

   12. Wood panels are

       1. much easier to install than boards

       2. much more difficult to install than boards

   13. Plywood panels are made up of

       1. thin wooden veneers glued together

       2. thick wooden veneers glued together

   14. Timber is material that is

       1. artificially renewed

       2. naturally renewed

   15. Removal of moisture from timber

       1. increases its strength, hardness, and workability

       2. decreases its strength, hardness, and workability

   16. Birch and oak belong to

       1. hardwoods

       2. softwoods

   17. Hardwoods are widely used

       1. for sanitary purposes

       2. for decorative purposes

   18. In ancient Egypt bricks were produced

       1. by burning

       2. by drying in the sun

   19. Russia is

       1. poor in raw materials

       2. extremely rich in raw materials

   20. Overburned brick

       1. should not be used in construction

       2. can be used for construction purposes

   21. Underburncd brick is

       1. highly porous

       2. glass hard

   22. Bricks are produced of

       1. sand and water

       2. mortar and burned clay

   23. Many/Few growing forests serve for producing

       1. much timber

       2. little timber

   24. The properties of building materials

1. are of no importance for building purposes

2. should be taken into account }$. Ceramic tiles are

   1. modern products

   2. ancient products

      26. World's modern atmosphere is

1. clean and fresh

2. highly polluted by chemical waste

   26. The colour of ceramic tiles

3. docs not depend on the colour of clay

4. depends on the colour of the clay they are made up of 2H. Ceramic tiles are applied by means of

1. glue

2. some adhesive substance

►•4. They are applied with an extremely

1. thin mortar joint

2. thick mortar joint

Mi. The properties of terracotta are

1. different from the properties of brick

2. similar to the properties of brick

liunslate the following sentences.

I Construction of the bridge is expected to begin next spring. Salmon brick being under burnt and highly porous, it cannot be rec­ommended for wide use.

Design work is known to be finished by this fall (autumn). I Terracotta exists in a wide variety of colour, their colour depending

on the colour of glaze they are covered with, s. Safety zones are said to be built in the nearest future. t) Brick, stone, and timber being the oldest construction materials, they have been and are widely used all over the world.

Unit Eight

CONCRETE

Master the key terms and head words.

concrete — бетон aggregate—заполнитель (бетона) coarse - крупный, необработан­ный, сырой fine - тонкий, мелкозернистый precast - готовый, готовоотли- тый

quality - качество tensile - растяжимый, вязкий to crush - дробить accordingly - соответственно the very - именно тот, тот самый

104. Define parts of speech. Translate the words.

the very, slab, tensile, coarse, crush, gravel, member, cast, quality

104. Combine the given attributes a) with the given nouns; b) follow the Russian combi- naUons.

Model: дробленый гравий - crushed gravel

1. crushed, coarse, fine

2. sand, gravel, aggregate

дробленый песок —

крупный гравий -

мелкозернистый заполнитель -

104. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian, concrete slab - бетонная плита

slab roof - кровля из плит tensile strength - прочность на растяжение site of foundation - пласт под фундаментом slab covering - настил из плит

104. Translate the following combinations into Russian.

the very site of construction proportionally divided amounts

carefully mixed aggregates the very site of production

104. Choose the correct variant and put it dowu.

I. Concrete as a building material possesses (only advantages, both ad­vantages and disadvantages) .

Unit Fourteen 112

WINDOW 112

Unit Fifteen 128

FLOOR 128

Control Yourself 132

REVIEW OF UNITS 13-15 132

Unit Two 30

EXCAVATION 30

Unit Three 42

FOUNDATION 42

Unit Five 40

WOOD 40

^^HrT -- ^i] T-- ^! ' J * 87

Control Yourself 89

REVIEW OF UNITS 4 7 89

Unit Nine 125

Control Yourself 138

REVIEW OF UNITS 8 9 138

Unit Eleven 92

Unit Twelve 116

CEILING 116

109. Translate the following questions into Russian. Find answers in (he article below.

1. What properties make concrete a highly used construction material?

2. What two types of aggregate arc used for producing concrete?

3. Is sand a coarse or fine aggregate?

4. What ingredients does the quality of concrete depend upon?

5. How long does the process of hardening the mixed components last?

6. What is the difference between the so-called in-situ and precast con­crete?

7. What quality is considered to be the main disadvantage of concrete?

8. For what reason is tensile strength considered to be an important quality?

9. For what purpose are metals introduced into the structure of con­crete?

10. What metals is concrete frequently combined with?

11. When did the use of ferro-concrete start?

12. Would you like to live in a wooden or concrete building? Why?

Read and translate the article.

Concrete is considered to be a universal material for construction. Dif­ferent kinds of concrete can be used practically for every building purpose. The raw materials for producing concrete can be found in every part of the world. The main property that makes concrete so popular is that il can be formed into strong monolithic slabs. Another good quality is its relatively low cost. Besides, concrete is known to be fire- and decay-resistant.

Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Port­land cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality ofthe cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts for about 28 days.

There exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exisl the so-called in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete.

Concrete, as any other building material, has not only advantages but also disadvantages. Its main disadvantage is that it has no form of its own. Also, it does not possess useful tensile strength. Because of these qualities, in modern times construction concrete is very frequently combined with different metals. Most common of them are iron and steel.

The introduction of metal into the structure of concrete is highly advan­tageous. It strengt hens the material and helps to realize its limitless construc­tion and architectural potential. It should be noted that the use of ferro-con- crete started only in the nineteenth century and is still gaining popularity.

PRECAST CONCRETE

Master the key terms and head words.

beam - балка, бимс storage - хранение, запас

compression - сжатие tank - бак, резервуар

decade — десятилетие tower - башня, вышка, опора

pipe - труба

110. Read the combinations. IVanslate them from Russian.

beam system - балочная конструкция

compression stress - напряжение на сжатие

storage tank - питательный резервуар

pipe installation - укладка груб

pipe joint - стык труб

tank tower - водонапорная башня

110. Put down the corresponding verbs. IVanslate the words.

Model: joint — to join - присоединяться к

compression - to -

installation - to -

relation -to -

combination - to -

storage -to -

usage -to -

service — to -

production — to —

pre-pref. - заранее, предварительно pre-examine - исследовать заранее

110. Read the examples. Translate them from Russian.

prcstressing - предварительное напряжение

prestressed reinforcement - предварительно напряженная арматура

compressive stress - напряжение при сжатии

Read and translate the article.

Prestressed concrete is a relatively young product. It started to be widely used only during the last few decades, and is still gaining populari­ty. The reason of its popularity is its usefulness. The main good qualities of prestressed concrete are its high strength and durability. In prestressed con­crete, concrete is combined with steel. This combination is highly advan­tageous and serves the purpose of producing a compressed stress in the concrete as a building material. For this reason any member of beam is under constant compression and as a result has no cracks. In modern times this type of concrete serves as construction material for beams, for pipes, and columns, storage tanks, water towers and the like.

110. Answer the following questions.

     1. What good qualities docs prestressed concrete possess?

     2. What metal is it combined with?

     3. What purpose does this combination serve?

     4. What constructions is prestressed concrete mostly used for?

We know concrete to be a universally used construction material. Various, most popular kinds of concrete and their main properties are listed below. Read the tables. IYanslate the examples a) from English into Russian; b) from Russian into English.

TABLE V types of Concrete

architectural concrete	архитектурный бетон
asphalt c.	асфальтобетон
gas c.	газобетон
gypsum c.	гипсовый б.
gravel c.	бетон из гравия
precast c.	заранее отлитый б.
plain c.	неармированный б.
prestressed reinforced c.	напряженно армированный б.

TABLE VI

Properties of Concrete

high-strength concrete	высокойрочны it бетон
waterproof c.	водонепроницаемый б.
nailable c.	гвоздимый 0.
lightweight c.	легкий П., генный 0
cast-in-situc.	МОНОЛИТНЫЙ б.
poor quality c.	б. иилсогп качества

114. Put down the combinations with (he Opposite nu uitiiiK

Model', poor quality concrete - high grade concieti

high-strength concrete -

cast-in-situ —

lightweight concrete -

plain concrete -

i 15. Answer the following questions.

1. What kind of concrete has practically unlvcr.il и ng<?

2. What kind of concrete is produced in fat totiev'

3. What are the main qualities of precast com rctr'

4. Why is concrete combined with metals?

5. What kind of concrete serves as construction rmilenal Ibr beams, pipes, storage tanks, water towers and the like?

CONCRETE (coiit in ш><1)

Master the key terms and head words, bridge - мост

cell - ячейка, клетка, канал в

пустотном кирпиче ccllular concrete — ячеистый газобетон

dam - дамба, плотина Гоаш пена

foamy нус мне м.ш, пенный pile спая

to emit йену* > »»П., выделять

116. State parts of speech. Translate the words.

plain, cellular, foamy, foam, bridge, emission, emu, roll, pile, pipe

116. Translate the combinations into Russian.

constant use foamy structure powci lul emission

116. Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the Nominative Absolute Construc­tion.

     1. Concrete having no form of its own, it is frequently combined with metals.

     2. Prestressed concrete is very popular, its good qualities being high strength and durability.

     3. Concrete with foamy and cellular structure being light, it is consid­erably decreased in strength.

117. Connect the given English combinations a) with the corresponding Russian ones b).

Model: 1-2

a) 1. bridge beam b) 1. плоская черепица

2.	foamy structure	2.	мостовая балка
3.	flat tile	3.	укладка труб
4.	pipe laying	4.	плоская черепица (плитка)
5.	bridge pile	5.	пустотелая балка
6.	cellular girder	6.	ячеистая структура
7.	cellular stmcture	7.	мостовая свая

116. Read the combinations. Translate them from Russian.

bridge girder - мостовая балка pipeman - водопроводчик

bridge joint — мостовой стык pipe work - трубопровод

bridge member - звено (деталь) моста

116. Translate the questions into Russian. Answer the questions consulting the text of the article.

     1. What factors docs the quality of concrete depend upon?

     2. What is the main difference between plain and ferro-concrete?

     3. What constructions is ferro-concrete used for?

     4. What materials is concrete with cellular stmcture made up о Г?

     5. What qualities does concrete with foamy structure possess?

     6. What is its main disadvantage?

Read and translate the article.

The quality of concrete is known to depend on the properties of ma­terials it consists of. The amount of constructing materials is also of great importance. Among the kinds of concrete used in modern construction there are plain concrete and reinforced, or ferro-concrete. The usage of plain concrete is practically limitless. As to ferro-concrete, it is mostly used for construction of foundations, columns, girders and beams. This kind of concrete is also rather popular for constmcting bridges, dams, and dock walls.

5—6049

Concrete being a universally used material, its new kinds are being constantly produced. Among others there exists concrete with cells. Its main quality is that it is made up of materials that emit gas and foam dur­ing the process of mixing the aggregates with water. It should be taken into account that concrete of this type possesses relatively light weight. It is mostly used for producing slabs, wall panels, and frame constructions. As we know, decrease in weight leads to a considerable decrease in strength. This quality is classified as a great disadvantage of cellular concrete.

122. Read the examples. TVanslate them from Russian.

concreter — бетон шик concrete mixer - бетономешалка

concrete frame - бетонный каркас, бетонная конструкция concrete workability - пригодность бетона для обработки

Read and translate the article.

Silica Concrete

Among the aggregates concrete is composed of, there arc heavy and light ones. Silica belongs to comparatively new types of concrete. Itsstruc- ture is rather special. It does not contain cement and is relatively light in weight. Besides, it is highly fire-resistant. Because of these and some other properties silica concrete is widely used in aviation and in building under­water constructions. But its disadvantages should be also taken into ac­count: because of its light weight its strength is considerably decreased.

123. Answer the following questions.

1. Which of the two kinds of concrete possesses greater strength - cel­lular or asphalt concrete?

2. What is the name of concrete having glass in its structure?

3. What is the meaning ofthe term 'nailable^%?

4. layer — слон liquid — жидкость ratio-отношение

   achievement - дос тижение hydration - гидрапия, присоеди­

   нение йоды

   What kind (kinds) of concrete has (have) practical ly limitless use?

IS ADDITIONAL WV11 l< A FRIEND OR AN ENEMY?

Master the key terms and head words.

specification - технические условия to cure — сохранять, исправлять, vapour - испарение, пар выдерживать

124. Put down the corresponding verbs a) nouns b); translate the words.

Model: foundation - to found (a) to enrich - enrichment (b)

2. corrosion -to hydration —to invention - to penetration - to evaporation -to relation - to specification - to

   124. Read the combinations. IVanslate them from Russian.

covering material - материал покрытия cover of roof- кровля

water/cement ratio - пропорция воды в растворе

concrete curing - выдержка бетона

compressive strength - сопротивление на сжатие

vapour pipe - паровой патрубок

vapour heating system - система парового отопления

124. a) Translate the given prepositions into English.

1. The cover zone is the layer (между) the steel reinforcement

and concrete surface.

2. The durability of cover zone depends (от) the mix design of

concrete.

3. (В течение) the period ofconcrete curing, a minimum

of cement content and a maximum of water/cement ratio is included (в) the mix.

4. Water is added (к) concrete (для) hydration of cement.

5. Addit ional amounts of water increase the pores (в, внутри)

the concrete's structure.

6. The process of concrete's curing lasts for (около) 28 days.

   2. IVanslate the examples into Russian. Mind Participle II.

      1. ... additional amount of water poured into the mix ...

      2. ... required strength achieved with minimum cement content...

      3. ... durability increased by adding water...

      4. ... workability provided by the necessary amount of aggregates...

b) to enrich - to require - to achieve - to attach - to adjust -

s-

Read and translate the article.

One of the key requirements of concrete service is its durability. And the quality of cover zone (покрытие) is of primary importance for provid­ing concrete's durability. The cover zone is the concrete layer between the steel reinforcement and concrete surface. It should be taken into account that durability of concrete zone depends upon the mix design of concrete and the properties of the concrete itself.

The process of concrete's curing, as we know, lasts for about 28 days. And the compressive strength at 28 days is considered to be the basis of con­crete specification. During the period of curing, engineers frequently in­clude a minimum of cement (content ) and a maximum of water/cement ratio into the mix.

Naturally, different construction purposes require different cement con­tent, and for many types of mixes the required strength can be achieved with the minimum cement content. Engineers add water to concrete for hydra­tion of cement. But the minimum amount of water needed for hydration of the mix may be too little to provide the necessary workability of the mix. So, in order to increase workability of concrete, additional amounts of water can be poured into the mix. And what is the result of this operation? It turns out that additional amounts of water increase the pores within the concrete's structure, especially after evaporation. It leads, in its turn, to an increase of gas, vapour, and liquid penetration into the structure of the mix. It is noted that especially strong this penetration is in the cover zone. So, one can see that additional water provides the potential forstmctuml mix to decrease its durability. One more disadvantage of adding water to the concrete mix is its reinforcement corrosion and cracking. Additional corrosion and cracking provide new ways for gas, vapour, and liquids to penetrate into the cover zone. So, is additional water concrete's friend or enemy?

CARBON-FIBRE-REINFORCED-POLYMER PLATES

(CFRP)

Master the key terms and head words.

carbon - углерод composite - составной, слож­ный fibre — волокно hoop — обруч plate - плита, лист ring - обод, фланец rehabilitation - ремонт, реконст­рукция scaffold - помост silo - СИЛОС success — успех

to bond — соединять per cent — процент per meter — на метр per hour — в час

Sweden - Швеция South-East Asia - Юго-Восточ­

ная Азия

the United Kingdom (UK) - Объ-

Middle East - Средний Восток

127. Give the Russian for the following combinations; mind the Gerund.

tower under dead, live, wind, and thermal loading rehabilitating dams and bridges increasing the durability of concrete strengthening methods of rehabilitating silo towers

Read the combinations. IVanslate them from Russian.

plate iron - листовое железо

ring foundation - кольцевой фундамент

scaffolding of girders - помост из балок

127. Thinslate the Russian words into English.

     1. (Глубина) of carbonation and chloride content...

     2. (Глубокие) vertical and horizontal (трещины) ...

     3. Carbon-fibre-reinforced-polymer (пластины) ...

     4. Successful (использование) of CFRP scaffolding ...

•

127. Give the Russian for the following terminological combinations, concrete rings hoop direction steel plate bonding

Read and translate the article.

The use of composite materials for the strengthening and rehabilitat­ing ofbridges, towers, dams, and other concrete structures is gaining pop­ularity. The reason for it is the fact that the use of composite materials turned out to be advantageous over other strengthening methods relating to durability, workability and whole-life costs of concrete structures. Projects based on the use of carbon-fibrc-reinforccd-polymer plates are being realized on a number of silo towers and other structures in Russia and Sweden. The technology of CFRP plates started to be popularized also in the Middle East and South-East Asia.

единенное Королевство

Not long ago CFRP plates have been used for the purpose for in­creasing the durability of the existing concrete structures in the United Kingdom construction industry. The plates successfully serve as an alter­native to other traditionally used methods. During the last two years more than 150 bridges and other concrete structures around the United King­dom were rehabilitated with CFRP plates.

Strengthening a 30-year-old, 65 m tall, tower may serve as an exam­ple of successful usage of the plates. The work started with detailed analy­ses of the tower under dead, live, wind and thermal loading in order to find out the present durability of the tower. The detailed inspection revealed deep vertical and horizontal cracking in many places on the tower. Also tests were carried out to reveal the depth of carbonation and chlorine con­tent in the concrete. And in order to rehabilitate the tower there were pro­posed the following three variants:

1. to use CFRP bonding in the hoop direction;

2. to use steel plate bonding in the hoop direction;

3. to add concrete rings along the height of the tower.

The first of the three given variants was considered to be most advan­tageous over the other two. First of all because it would require only 25 days while the other two would require not less than 90 days. Besides the light weight of the CFRP plates did not require strengthening work on the foundation of the tower. So the usage of the CFRP plates also made it necessary to use the least amount of scaffolding girders in order to carry out the work. Of importance is also the fact that the use of CFRP strength­ening made it necessary to use only two 160 x 1.8 mm plates per meter throughout the height of the lower while the use of steel plate bonding required two 300 x 7 mm plates per meter. Naturally, this fact considerably lowered the cost of the works.

127. Finish up the sentences. Choose the proper combination from the combinations given below.

     1. The CFRP plates are used for the purpose of

     2. CFRP plate bonding is applied in the

     3. Concrete rings are added along

        1. the height of the tower

        2. increasing the durability of the structures

        3. hoop direction

           131. Mr work. Read and translate the questions. Put them to your groupmate and let him/her answer them.

                1. What material is gaining popularity for rehabilitating concrete struc­tures?

                2. In what countries is the technology of CFRP plates being realized?

                3. What tower was strengthened with the plates in the United Kingdom?

                4. In what way was the present durability of the tower found out?

                5. What did the detailed inspection of the tower reveal?

                6. For what reasons was the first of the three proposed variants chosen?

132. Translate the article in writing. Use a dictionary if necessary.

New Corrosion Protection

The use of epoxy-coated reinforcement prolongs the scrvice life of reinforced concrete structures. Besides it delays the need for repairs of replacement. Epoxy-coated reinforcement is being used successfully in bridge decks, parking garages, highways, plants, pons, and marine struc­tures. Another advantage of reinforcement is that it costs less than other identical systems.