1. Read aloud and memorize the following words:

enhance [in'hα:ns] — підвищувати, підносити; uneven [('^n'i:vn)] — нерівний; extreme [iks'tri:m] — протилеж­ність, крайність; value ['vælju:] — цінність, значення; sta­tus ['steitəs] – становище, стан; peculiarity [pi,kju:li'æriti] — (індивідуальна) особливість; quark [kwα:k] — кварк (фундаментальна частинка); approximate [ə'proksimit] — приблизний; occur [ə'кə:] — траплятися, мати міс­це; primarily ['praimərili]—у першу чергу.

2. Words and expressions for the text comprehension:

to take into consideration (account) — брати до уваги, враховувати; the matter is that... — справа в тому, що.. reference books — довідкова література; on the other hand – з іншого боку; embodiment — втілення; native speaker — носій мови; to spare no efforts — не жаліти зусиль; at first sight — на перший погляд; familiar pattern (model) — зна­йома модель; concise — стислий, короткий; to acquire (a thorough) knowledge — набути (ґрунтовних) знань; everyday (literary) English — розмовна (літературна) анг­лійська мова.

**Task XI Read and translate the text.

Everyday english and technical english

At present, the contacts between people of different count­ries are increasing. This enhances the importance of the study of foreign languages. However, sometimes we don't even know which of the world's languages we should take into consideration. The matter is that the total number of languages in the world is very large. In different reference books it varies from file to eight thousands. The numerical distribution of people speaking different languages is extremely uneven.

There are not many, languages in the world each of which has more than 50 million people. On the other hand, there are languages spoken by only several thousands of people.

To the first group belong such languages as English, Chinese, French, Russian, Ukrainian, etc. At the opposite extreme stand languages like Chitimacha, an American Indian language which in the late 1930's¹ had only two speakers left.

Everyone should understand that for the linguist there are no big or small languages. For each people the language is not only a means of communication, but also an embodiment of national and cultural values. Nevertheless, when we have to decide which of the world's languages to study, we take into consideration the differences in the social and functional status of each language.

When we consider English, we cannot misregard the fact that the English language is spoken by more native speakers, than any other language except, presumably, North Chinese. English is native or the first language for the most population of Great Britain, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Besides, there are many areas, former British colonies (India, Nigeria, Ghana) where English is not a native language, but a second language with official status in education and administration, and for communication between speakers of other languages. If we take into account the important factor of speakers of English as a foreign language, it is most widely spread of the world's languages.

English is one of the five official languages of the UNO² (alongside of French, Russian, Spanish and Chinese). It is the working language during the meetings of the General Assembly³ and Security Council of the UNO⁴. No wonder that so many people in various countries spare no efforts to acquire English for communication.

In Ukraine, higher schools students and postgraduates are trained to have a good knowledge of English, to read and use professional literature in their practical activity. As this textbook is for technical students, let us dwell on some peculiarities of technical English.

Technical English is often said to be difficult to understand. At first sight this may seem true⁵. There are a number of reasons why technical writing is rather difficult. It concerns first of all its vocabulary.

The scientific and technological progress has enriched the vocabulary with a great deal of new words, new meanings and new word-combinations. Who today does not know such words as computer, transistor, laser, etc? Scientist and technologists also use many ordinary, everyday words to denote new terminological meanings. For example, the words aroma, and charm with the meaning attractiveness are used to denote the physical characteristics of the quark, a fundamental physical particle.

Each branch of science and technology has its own vocabulary (terminology) Many of them are formed on the basis of Greek or Latin words and are often international.

Some technical words, such as power, roll, stress, strain, movement, etc. borrowed from everyday English sometimes cause much greater difficulty than terminology. In addition to terms, a text on some special problem usually contains so-called learned words, such as approximate, compute, feasible, exclude, indicate, initial, respectively, etc.

As to the familiar grammatical patterns and models, they are the same as in everyday English. There is, certainly, a difference in the frequency with which certain grammatical forms occur.

Scientific and technical writing is usually about things, matter, natural processes, and it is impersonal in style. The Passive Voice of verb forms, the constructions Subject and Complex Object are frequently used. The first person singular is not generally used.

Simple sentences are rarely used, for isolated facts or events are seldom dealt with by the engineer. He has to show what the connection is, not only what happens, but also how it happens, when it happens, why it happens, and what is being effected.

The style of most scientific texts, besides being impersonal, is also very concise. It is because the author-scientist is Writing primarily for other scientists.

In order to master technical English the learner must first acquire a thorough knowledge of everyday literary English with its grammar, vocabulary and rules of word formation. Then it will be easy for him to learn, step by step, the peculiarities of technical English. It should be born in mind⁶, however, that understanding and translation of scientific-technical literature requires an additional training connected with knowledge of specific terminology.

1)In the late I930's — наприкінці 1930-х років

2)UNO (United Nations Organization) — OOH (Організація Об'єднаних Націй)

3)General Assembly (of the UNO) — Генеральна, Асамблея (OOH)

4)Security Council of the UNO — Рада Безпеки OOH

5)Hi is may seem (to be) true — це може видатися правильним

6)it should be bora in mind — слід (необхідно) пам'ятати

*I. Name the word-building elements (suffixes, prefixes) and the part of speech of each word. Translate them into Uk­rainian:

importance — important — unimportant; consider — consideration — considerable; refer — referable — reference — referential; oppose — opposite — opposition; even — uneven; regard — misregard; know — knowledge; practice— practical — unpractical; rich — enrich — enrichment; add — addition — additional; frequence — frequency — frequent — frequently; person — personal — impersonal.

*II. Read the following word - combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

total number; numerical distribution; cultural values; official status; technical English; literary English; learned words.

*III. Finish the sentences according to the text:

1. The total number of languages ... . 2. The numerical distribution of people speaking different languages ... . 3. For each-people the language is not only ... . 4. The English language is spoken by more ... .5. English is the working language during ... . 6. Each branch of science and technology has ... . 7. The scientific and technological progress has enriched the vocabulary with ... .8. In order to master technical English the learner must....

**IV. Translate the following sentences taking into account the Participle in different functions:

1. There are languages spoken by only several thousands of people. 2. The data obtained should be carefully analysed.3. If given opportunity our economy will rapidly develop.4. Do you know the man speaking Englishes. Having fin­ished his experiment the researcher began to analyse the data obtained. 6. Being a very industrious pupil he worked hard, managed to make great progress in English. 7. Having returned to Oakland, Martin Eden lived in poverty, devoting every minute of his time to literary work. 8. We know Byron as the author of many lyrical poems devoted to nature and love.

*V. Find in the text terminological words which came from everyday English.

**VI. Comprehension questions:

1. What enhances the importance of the study of foreign languages? 2. Do we know the total number of languages in the world? 3. Are there big and small languages? 4. What factors determine the choice of foreign language to study? 5. What can you say about the social and functional status of English? 6. Is technical English completely different from literary English? 7. What distinguishes technical English from everyday English? 8. How can you master technical English?

***VII. Make a summary of the text and discuss It.

***Task XI. Discuss such points:

the importance of learning foreign languages;

the difference of literary English and technical English;

***why it is important for a programmer/engineer to master English.

Active

Час	Indefinite	Perfect	Continuous	Perfect Continuous
		І н ф і н і . т и в
	(to) compute	(to) have computed	(to) be computing	(to) have been computing
Present	І compute* these data every day. Я обчислюю ці дані кожен день.	І have computed these data today. Я сьогодні обчислив ці дані.	І am computing these data. Я обчислюю ці дані (зараз).	І have been computing these data. Я обчислюю (все ще) ці дані.
Past	І computed** these data yesterday. Я обчислю­вав ці дані вчора.	І have computed these data before you came. Я обчислив ці дані перед тим, як ви прийшли.	І was computing these data when you came. Я обчислю­вав ці дані перед тим, як ви прийшли.	І had been computing these data. Я обчислю­вав ці дані (але не обчислив).
Future	І shall compute these data tomorrow. Я обчислю ці данні завтра.	І shall have computed these data, before you came. Я обчислю ці дані перед тим, як ви прийдете.	І shall be computing these data when you come. Я буду обчи слювати ці дані тоді, коли ви прийдете.	І shall have been computing these data.*** Я буду обчислюва­ти ці дані.
Future in the Past	Не said I should have compute these data. Він сказав, що буде обчислюва­ти ці дані.	Не said I should have computed these data before you came. Він сказав, що буде обчислюва-ти ці дані перед тим, як ви прийдете.		Не. said І should have been computing these data.*** Він сказав, що буде обчислюва­ти ці дані.

* Питальна, заперечна форми утворюються при допомозі допоміжного слова do_(do not), does (does not) для 3-ї особи однини + інфінітив без частки to,

** Питальна, заперечна форми утворюються при допомозі допоміжного дієслова did. (did not) + інфінітив без частки Ід.

*** Ці форми вживаються дуже рідко.