Gerund Форми герундій

Indefinite	Active	Passive
	Asking He likes getting profits from the sale. Він любить одержувати прибуток від продажу.	being asked Не likes being got profits from the sale. Він любить, коли одержує прибуток від продажу
Perfect	having asked І remembered having asked her about the price for goods. Я згадав, що я вже питав її про ціну на товар.	having been asked І remembered having been asked about the price for goods. Я згадав як мене запитали про ціну на товари

Переклад герундіальних зворотів

іменник або присвійний займенник

+

герундій

перекладається підрядним реченням з введенням сполучників: що; то, що; щоб.

Іменник або займенник, який стоїть перед герундієм, стає підметом підрядного речення, а герундій - присудком.

Вказівний займенник те може стояти у будь-якому відмінку.

1. His (my friend's) taking part in this work helped me greatly.	1. Те, що він (мій друг) взяв участь у цій роботі, дуже допомогло мені.
2.1 heard of our head engineer's having been sent abroad.	2. Я чув (про те), що нашого голов­ного інженера відправили за кордон.

Exercises

Task V. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Gerund.

1. What is the reason for his having left our city so suddenly?

2. He improved his report by changing the end.

3. They objected to his remaining at home.

1. Instead of restoring the old theatre they decided to build a new one in the centre of the town.

2. New possibilities for applying atomic energy open up.

3. The idea of creating a multi-stage rocket belongs to Tsiolkovsky.

4. What apparatus do we use for measuring air pressure?

5. Science requires experimenting.

6. These methods were tried without obtaining the necessary results.

7. Speaking foreign languages is of importance for every cultured man.

8. We heard of the experiment having been started last week.

9. I know of his having been sent to work to the Far East.

Task VI. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Gerund

1. The problem of supplying heat and power was at last solved by installing a new reactor.

2. Research scientists are working on an interesting problem for obtaining power from atom.

3. Work on using the fusion process for generating electricity is going forward in several countries.

4. Ways of improving the mechanical properties of metals should be provided for.

5. Special devices for amplifying sound received by the ear have a long history.

Task VII. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the function of the Gerund.

1. Reading English technical magazines is important for an engineer. 2. It is no use speaking to her. 3.1 remember attending his lectures on history. 4. He remembers having added some water to the mixture. 5. They finished installing the apparatus only on Saturday. 6. The stranger man stopped following me. 7. They began making the experiment in May. 8. He began determining the properties of the new material. 9. After failing in the examination in January he had to take it again in February. 10. After graduating from the institute he worked in the Far North. 11. At the meeting they discussed different ways of improving their work. 12. There are different ways of obtaining the substance. 13. The problem of obtaining power was solved. 14. The organizers of the conference were informed of his refusing to take part in. 15. We were informed of new results being obtained at the laboratory. 16.1 remember his having been interested in languages in his childhood.

Task VIII. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Gerund with the prepositions.

1. The problem of producing synthetic rubber from certain chemical compounds was solved by the Russian chemist A.M. Butlerov. 2. The advantage of using synthetic rubber instead of soft natural material is obvious. 3. This is seen by comparing theoretical and experimental data. 4. The temperature is controlled by regulating steam flow. 5. They discovered a method for transforming soft natural rubber into a hard solid. 6. These problems were solved by applying some recently developed methods of calculation. 7. The probability of obtaining synthetic rubber increased greatly with the discovery of isobutylene.

Task IX. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian.

To stay at home; another drawback of the new device; to adopt a new system of control; to increase the cost; a new feature of this aircraft; particularly bad weather; it was particularly urgent business; to move forward; to walk across the street; to need little space for taking-off.

Урок 6

Тема: Matter. Characteristics of metals. Gerund.

Pre-reading tasks.

Task I. Match English words with their translations:

1. substance	A. рідина
2. visible	B. основний
3. conservation	C. закон
4. fundamental	D. згідно, у відповідальності
5. state	E. тверде тіло
6. exist	F. речовина
7. space	G. видимий
8. weight	H. стан
9. law	I. зберігання
10. according to	J. вага
11. liquid	K. існувати
12. solid	L. простір, місце

Task II. Render from English into Ukrainian.

MATTER

Matter is physical substance that makes up all things. Everything that occupies space and has weight is matter. Everything around us is matter. The earth itself is matter, water is matter. Air is matter too. But not all matter is visible. Air, for instance, is not visible. Many gases are invisible as well.

The great Russian scientist M.L. Lomonosov discovered the fundamental law of matter, i. e. the law of conservation of matter. According to this law no one create or destroy matter.

Not long time ago scientists considered that matter existed in three forms: solids, liquids and gases. The scientists discovered the fourth state of matter- plasma. Now we know that matter exists in four states- solids, liquids, gases and plasma.

Task III. Define the Predicates in the text.

Task IV. Ask all possible questions on the text.

Task V. Find the Gerunds and state their grammatical functions. Translate the sentences:

1. Learning English riddles and proverbs is useful. 2. Henry likes translating from English into Ukrainian. 3. Henry and Jane think of going to the library today. 4. The buses and motor-cars stop running when the light is red. 5.1 know of his studying at Kyiv Engineering Institute. 6. We use water for drinking. 7. Driving a car is not difficult for a skilful driver. 8. Research work is carried out for the purpose of advancing man's knowledge. 9. Our engineers and scientists are carrying on important work in laboratories fitted up for conducting scientific work.

Task VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.

1. Timber is used for building purpose. 2. The best season for building is summer. 3. Shut the door before going away. 4. Most people like speaking foreign languages. 5. Speaking foreign languages is of great importance for every cultured man.

Task VII. Translate the following word-combinations paying attention to the function of the Gerund a) 1.various means of (developing power, generating energy; solving this problem). 2. a new idea of (applying low temperatures; overcoming friction; replacing old materials). 3. great interest in (publishing new articles; modifying old equipment; mastering English). 4. the reason for (obtaining new sources of energy; using electronic computers; launching new space rockets) b) 1. to think of developing new types of glasses; 2. to object to extracting metals from these ores; 3. to prevent somebody from using glass plastics; 4. to be interested in getting new data.

Task VIII. Arrange the following words in pairs according to the similar meaning.

To develop, modern, amount, model, to help, due to, negligible, to interpret, to work out, contamination, present day, because, matter, aspect, power, to reach, particularly, insignificant, pattern, by virtue of, volumes, science, since, pollution, substance, energy, to achieve, to assist, to explain, specifically.

Урок 7.

Тема: Characteristics of Metals.

Pre-reading tasks

Task I. Read and learn following new words:

Ability	здібність, вміння
Arrange	влаштовувати
Blankri	вільне місце
Cable	Кабель
Common	загальний, звичайний
Conductor	провідник
Elasticity	пружність
Load	навантаження
Oblige	примушувати
Property	властивість
Predict	завбачати
Prove	доводити
Remove	усувати
Stand for	означати
State	стійкий
Strength	міцність

Task II. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Different characteristics, mechanical properties, various metals, conductor of heat, original shape, to take into consideration, selecting the material, definite system, atomic weight, great importance, orderly table, bold suppositions, similar properties, undiscovered elements.

Task III. Translate into Ukrainian and state the part of speech of the following words:

select-selected-selection; metal-metallic-metallize; vary-variety-various; conduct-conduction-conductivity-conductor; strong-strength-strengthen; deform- deformation-deformed; consider-considerable-considerably-consideration- considered; arrange-arrangement-arranger; definite-define-definitely-definition- indefinite; suppose-supposed-supposition; discover-discovery; predict- predictable- predicted-prediction-predictor; exist-existence-existent.

Task IV. Render from English into Ukrainian and define the Predicates: