Grammar and lexical exercises

Task V. Answer the following questions.

1. What idea concerning structure of the chemical elements are most people familiar with?

2. How was the atom considered for long? Is it true?

3. What is the present conception of the general structure of the atom?

4. What charge of electricity does each electron carry?

5. What does nucleus determine?

6. What particles in the nucleus itself made up?

7. Is proton heavy or light particle?

8. Which property allows neutron to penetrate all nuclei?

9. Are liquid substances made up of atoms?

Task VI. Identify whether the following statements are true or false.

1. The electrons are extremely heavy and each carries a negative charge of electricity.

2. During the last sixty years it has been shown that the idea of indivisibility of the atom is true.

3. Proton has a single negative charge.

4. All substances on the earth are made up of atoms.

5. Neutron is a particle which is present in all nuclei.

6. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons.

7. The idea that an atom is the smallest recognizable particle of an element is familiar to most people.

8. The word "atom" is of Latin origin.

Task VII. Complete the following sentences using words and expressions given below.

a) It is difficult to... an idea of atom size in ordinary simple terms. b) The chemical elements, the matter of the universe ate made up of particles. c) A property of neutron allows it... all nuclei. d) Atoms are considered to be about a hundred millionth pan of... in diameter. e) The whole mass of the atom is concentrated in... .

(to convey; constituting; to penetrate; a centimeter; the nucleus )

Task VIII. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the functions of the Participle I. A. 1. Carrying on an important research the engineer helped his plant to raise its output. 2. Applying this new method the operator received good results. 3. Using the most modern methods of calculations the designer improved his design. B. 1. The man replacing this device by a new one is our mechanic. 2. The engineer carrying on an important research has some inventions. 3. The worker applying the new method of work will obtain good results. C.1.The man testing this engine belongs to the group exploring damages (troubles) in motors. 2. When translating the article he used no dictionary. 3. The problem facing our designing bureau is of great significance for the development of aircraft. 4. Listening to this young scientist's report we improved in some way our knowledge in that field of science. 5. While reading the article the student looked up some words in the dictionary.

Task IX. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the functions of the Participle II.

1. The problem solved by this young scientist is of great interest for our Institute 2. The engineers will discuss the quality of the machine tested. 3. The parts produced by our plant are reliable. 4. The material prepared this research institute has some important data connected with the point of view developed by this famous scientist. 5. Let us see the results received.

Task X. State the forms and functions of the Participles; translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Discussing chemical reactions we ought first to make clear what a chemical reaction is. 2. When combined with the oxygen of the air the match was lighted. 3. While burning different substances combine with oxygen. 4. Having discussed chemical reactions we proceeded to the experiments. 5. Raising the temperature we increase the agitation of the molecules. 6. Decreasing the temperature we slow down the reaction. 7. The catalysts being used in this reaction accelerate the chemical change.

Task XI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Participle II after the Nouns.

1. The type of spectrum emitted depends considerably on the source used. 2. In the problem considered one should pay attention to the checking of the data received. 3. The technique described should be adopted in carrying on our research in that case. 4. Most of the electricity used is produced through generators. 5. The data obtained should be discussed at the conference.

Task XII. Arrange the following words according to:

2. similar meaning:

Possible, conditions, prominent, expect, shape, to put forward, substance, to summarize, like, area, to see, to explain, to show, to study, to suppose, evidence, to raise, to transport, likely, material, to sum up, form, similar, to investigate, proof, to move, outstanding, to lift, region, to notice, to account for, to advance, to suggest, to demonstrate.

3. opposite meaning:

far, success, new, impossible, near, easy, difficult, failure, war, late, possible, early, peace, old, outer, inner.

Task XIII. Render from English into Ukrainian. Give the title of the text.

In the forseeble future we may have long term orbital stations and laboratories with researchers. Passenger rockets will be different from present-day Spaceships. At present passenger rockets carrying people to the other side of the globe are still a dream. It might happen that the achievements of supersonic aviation will make the passenger rocket unprofitable and only mail and cargo rockets will be used on the Earth routes but these rockets will be used when traveling to orbital laboratories and stations on other planets.

Task XIV. Translate the following stable expressions into Ukrainian.

It doesn't matter! Joy go with you!

At any rate. What a pity!

In good time. Yours sincerely.

Give my (best) regards (respect) Get out of my sight.

It's a go. Go about your business!

Урок 5

Тема: Введення лексики до теми «Ядра та частки». Читання та переклад тексту. Герундій. The Gerund.

Pre-reading tasks

Task I. Read and remember following words and word-combinations from the text.

In conjunction with	в сполученні, разом
Much more	значно більше
To account for	пояснити
Compound	сполука
Dawn	світанок
Decay	розпад
Fraction	частина
Nucleus (nuclei)	ядро (ядра)
Proof	доказ
Speculation	гіпотеза, припущення
Initiate	ініціювати, починати
To acquire	набувати
Succession	послідовність
Existence	існування
To rest	спиратися на
Observe	спостерігати
Pure	чистий
Extract	добувати
Content	місткість
Isolated	відокремлений, ізольований
Identity	справжність

Task II. Read and translate the text.

NUCLEI AND PARTICLES

Although speculation on the nature of matter appears at the very dawn of Greek philosophy, a scientific study of this subject, in the modern sense was initiated in the sixteenth century, when experiment and mathematic analysis were first used in conjunction with each other.

Detailed knowledge of atomic structure was acquired only in 1910. But the first experimental discoveries that made possible an attack on the structure of the atom followed each other in rapid succession.

In 1895 Roentgen discovered X-rays; early in 1896 Becquerel discovered radioactivity, and a little later Sir J.J. Thomson gave proof of the independent existence of the negative electron. These were soon followed by the introduction into physics of the idea of quanta of energy. Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905) formed the foundation on which modem physics rests.

Maria Curie observed that although the radioactivity of uranium compounds taken from pure chemicals, was proportional to the uranium content, the ores from which they where extracted showed much radioactivity than could be

accounted for by the uranium content alone. She then performed chemical analyses of the ores and measured the radioactivity of isolated fractions. This method led to the discovery of polonium and radium.

Surprise followed surprise when it was found the radioactive atoms changed their chemical identity with time. Intense study of the phenomenon led to the theory of radioactive decay developed by Rutherford in 1903.

Task III. Answer the following questions:

4. When was a scientific study of the nature of matter initiated?

5. What followed in rapid succession that made possible n attack in the structure of the atom?

6. What theory does modern physic rest?

7. Who performed chemical analyses of the ores and measured the radioactivity of isolated fractions?

8. What led to the theory of radioactive decay developed by Rutherford?

9. When was this theory developed?

Task IV. Define Tense forms and Voice of verbs in the following sentences.

10. Speculation on the nature of matter appears at the very dawn of Greek philosophy.

11. Detailed knowledge of atomic structure was acquired only in 1910.

12. A little later Sir. J. J. Thomson gave proof of the independent existence of the negative electron.

13. The radioactivity of uranium compound, taken from pure chemicals, was proportional the uranium content.

14. Einstein's special theory of relativity formed the foundation on which modern physics rests.