To sum up furthermore moreover secondly finally however

Computers are a major technological breakthrough of the twentieth century. Their benefits are numerous yet much can be said against them. Clive games, an Australian critic, once said that “It is only when they go wrong that machines remind you now powerful they are.”

The main disadvantage of computers is that staring at a screen for long periods of time can be damaging to the eyes, and sitting on a chair for hours at a time is certainly not healthy.

1._____ computers distract from social interactions suck as conversation. Also, people can be inclined to become anti-social and stay at home to use their computers. 2._____ the most persuasive argument against the use of computers is that the more jobs which are done by computers, the less are done by people. 3._____ the advantages of computers are numerous, such as the undeniable educational benefits, especially to children. School subjects become more interesting when presented on a computer screen. 4._____ computers can be fun with a seemingly endless variety of games, which can be played on them. In addition, computers are valuable to any business, making life easier and saving time by being capable of storing and retrieving vast amounts of information at the touch of a button. 5._____ personal gains can be seen as the use of computers increases powers of concentration. 6._____ there are strong arguments both for and against the use of computers. Yet despite the health problems risk to jobs and lack of personal interaction, it seems that as long as the use of computers is regulated, the benefits computers provide to education and business are invaluable.

***IV. Browsing the Internet, you've come across the essay, which expresses the following viewpoint on the problem of computers role in today's life. Does it sounds convincing? What are the strong and weak points of it? The author asks you to share your opinion and ideas on this problem. Send your essay to his site.

The essay:

There is no doubt that computers have made my and my friends' lives easier. Business can also benefit from using computers too.

It's easy for students to learn computers because things seem more exciting and interesting when you see them on a screen rather than in a book. There are also lots of games you can play too and you can become so interested in them that you don't want to do your homework. You can also become unfriendly because you don't want to go out. You only want to stay in your room and play with your computer. My mum says "It's not healthy to be sitting down all day."

Most workplaces have computers nowadays and it does make jobs faster and easier and they're supposed to help you with your concentration but many computers can do the same job a person can and quicker which might mean that he loses his job. This happens to many people.

Finally, I think computers are good because they help people a lot and statistics say that this is true.

***V. Some people state that the technological revolution brought more harm to the Universe than use. The others insist that without the scientific progress there wouldn't be such a high development in different spheres of life (e.g. Science, Medicine, Teaching, Communication, Entertainment etc).

Make your own choice supporting one of the points. Give your arguments and examples from the material studied and your own knowledge and make conclusions summing up everything said.

***Task VI. Put the Infinitives in brackets in Indefinite, Continuous or Perfect Tenses in the Active Voice. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. A computer (to store) information which it (to receive). 2. When I (to come) into the room my friend (to compile) a program. 3. When you (to come) to the laboratory I (to show) you how to calculate by using a computer. 4. You (to solve) this algebraic problem and I (to compare) my results with yours. 5. When a computer (to do) reasonable operations it (to compute) or (to calculate). 6. The electronic computer just (to perform) its calculations. 7. They (to do) many operations on the computer. 8. When you come back he (to perform) computing operations. 9. Owing to the computer we (to process) a great deal of information. 10. They (to write) a program for the computer by the end of the month. 11. I (to compile) a program for two hours when the lecturer came into the laboratory. 12. This equation seems to have no solution. We (to perform) calculations for an hour. 13. She (to discuss) some questions with her instructor now.

14. Before the design (to be) ready they (to work) on it for 3 hours.

**Task VII Practice the use of Active Voice Tenses.

Variant one

1. Where is your luggage? — I (to leave) it at the station. I (to take) it tomorrow when Nick (to come) to help me. 2.1 (to read) about an hour when he (to come). 3. The play (not yet to begin) and the people (to talk) in the hall. 4. Yesterday I (to buy) a new pair of gloves, as I (to lose) the old ones. 5. We (to walk) in silence. He already (to tell) me all that (to. be) interesting about himself, and I (to have) nothing to tell him. 6. The moon (not to rise) yet, and only two stars, like two distant lighthous­es, (to shine) in the dark blue sky. 7. What you (to do) these three months? 8 Our train starts late in the evening, so if you (to come) at seven o'clock, we still (to pack) our luggage. 9 When you (to see) him last? 10. I (to meet) him when he (to walk) across the park.

11. You ever (to act) on the stage? — Why, yes, that's what I (to do) for the last six years.

12. Don't enter the bedroom! The child (to sleep) there, and he always (to wake) up when somebody (to open) the door.

Variant two.

1.What you (to do) when I (to come) in? 2. When (to come) to his house, they (to tell) me that he (to leave) an hour before. 3. On checking up his answers he (to find) out that he (to make) several mistakes. 4. When I (to leave) home, the snow al­ready (to stop), but a strong wind (to blow). 5. You (to read) this book? — Yes, I (to read) it. I (to think) it (to be) very interesting. 6. What the chil­dren (to do) now? — Oh, they (to play) the new table game which I (to buy) for them the day be­fore yesterday. 7. They (to reach) the corner of the street by now and (to stand) at the bus stop.8. After we (to walk) about two hours, we arrived at a picturesque glade covered with fresh grass.9. We could not go out because it (to rain) hard since early morning. 10. She (to teach) at our school for twenty years now. 11. Ring me up as soon as you (to come) home. 12. He (to begin) to write his composition at three o'clock. It is already eleven, and he still (to write) it. He says he (to finish) it by twelve. 13. We (to help) our librarian to put the books in the right order for already three days, but we (to arrange) only half the books.

*Task I. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Predicate in the Passive Voice.

1. The name "Rubber" was derived from the verb "to rub". 2. This difficulty Was overcome much later. 3. Synthetic rubber is widely used in many branches of industry. 4. The seeds of rubber producing plants had been sent from America to England before they were sent to other countries. 5. This technological process has been greatly improved due to a fortunate acci­dent. 6. To adapt natural rubber to technical uses a process of vulcanization has been developed. 7. A uniform stable substance was obtained by heating the mixture of natural rubber and sulphur to high temperatures.

**Task II. Put the Verbs in brackets in the required forms of the Tense and Voice and translate into Ukrainian.

1. He (not to participate) in the work of any international scientific confer­ence yet. 2. They just (to invite) to participate in the work of a seminar on some urgent problems of biophysics. 3. In publications of that institute much space (to devote) unusually to problems of space research. 4. The Russian Academy of Sciences (to open) in 1725.5. He (to appoint) head of Doctor in mathematics. 6. Don't switch on the light. The experiment (to carry out) in complete darkness.

**Task III. Find the Predicates in the Passive Voice and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. In the past centuries many universities were controlled by the church. 2. In the seventeenth century learned societies were organized in England and France. 3. In scientific monographs much space is often devoted to experimental work. 4. Groups of learned men were grouped together by their scientific interests. 5. July 15,1662 is usually considered the date of foundation of the Royal Society of England.

**Task IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Predicate in the Passive Voice.

1.The explorers were shown the nearest way to the river. 2. The design of the engine was given much attention to. 3. The explorers were seen not far from the camp of the expedition. 4. The student was asked several difficult questions. 5. She was told to leave the laboratory. 6. The students are taught English at our Institute. 7. The engineers of our laboratory were offered new research work. 8. He was helped while translating the article.

***Task V. Divide into groups: those who stand for advantages of computers an those for disadvantages. Give your reasons.

Unit II

The Use of Grammar Tenses.

Participle I, Participle II.

SCIENCE HELPS MAN TO SURVIVE

Outstanding scientists and their work

1. Read aloud and memorize the following words:

millenium [mi'leniəm] — тисячоліття; survival [sə:'vaivəl] — виживання; antiquity [æn'tikwiti] — старовина, ан­тичність; neighbourhood ['neibəhud] — сусідство; en­vironment [in'vaiərənmənt] —оточення, середовище; sur­round [sə'raund] — оточувати, обступати; ancient ['einsnt] – давній, античний;

acquire [ə'kwaiə] — набувати, оволодіва­ти; leisure ['lеЗə] — дозвілля; executive [ig'zekjutiv] — виконавчий; mosquito [məs'ki:tou] — москіт, комар; fre­quency ['fri:kwənsi] — частота; require [ri'kwaiə] — по­требувати, вимагати; severe [si'viə] — суворий; depletion [di'pli:sən] — виснаження.

2. Words and expressions for the text comprehension:

to be on the eve (of) — бути напередодні; existence — існування; long uphill struggle — тривала тяжка боротьба; severe environment — суворе оточення; to domesticate ani­mals — одомашнювати тварин; to record and pass on (one's) knowledge — записувати і передавати знання; to dissemi­nate knowledge — поширювати знання; prehistoric times — доісторичні часи; did not begin until ... —не почався аж поки ...; to be in full flourish — бути в повному розквіті; means of communication — засоби зв'язку; let alone (cont­rol) — не кажучи про (контроль); versatility — багато­бічність, різноманіття; on one's way to — на шляху до; for the very survival—для самого виживання (життя); deple­tion — виснаження, спустошення.

SCIENCE HELPS MAN TO SURVIVE

Part 1

The present civilization is on the eve of the third milleni-um of our era. According to some scientists, man has lived on the Harth for over 2,000,000 years. The development1 of human life has been very rapid if we consider man's exist­ence as one long uphill struggle for survival in the severe environment.

One of the greatest philosophers of antiquity Lucretius Carus2, in his poem On the Nature of Things, described how human life changed: man learned to use fire, skins and dwellings and established the laws of marriage and good neighbour! iness.

It took man some 20 thousand years to learn how to use the energy of fire and how to use clay for making pots, to do­mesticate animals and to be able to make the simple clothes for himself. It was some 10 thousand years ago that writing -was invented, and it became possible for people to record and pass on their knowledge about the environment from . generation to generation. It was practically not long ago (in 1454—55)) that the printing press was invented, and so books were used to disseminate knowledge.

A scientific explanation of the world surrounding man began in prehistoric times, probably in Egypt3 s and Baby­lonia4, more than 2,000 years В. С.5. But true progress in science did not begin until the sixth century В. С, when еhe Greek civilization was m full flourish: Any school student an name many contributions made to the development of science and technics in the period from the ancient Greeks to the Renaissance6. The scholars of ancient Greece and Rome say in their records that by the time they came on the scene humanity had gone a long way and had acquired many skills and a great deal of knowledge. From its first steps, the development of science and technology have influenced the growth of our civilization more and more.

**I. State the tense and type of Predicates and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. When the engineer was measuring the temperature he used the ultrasonic technique. When measuring the temperature the engineer used the ultrasonic technique. 2. The temperature the engineer was measuring was of great value for our tests. The temperature was being measured great importance for our tests. 3. When the temperature was being measured it Proved extremely low. Being measured the temperature proved extremely low. 4. When the student had measured the temperature he wrote it down in the table.

**II. Put the Verbs in the brackets in the required forms of the Tense and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. For many years scientists (to study) the nucleus before they found that it is possible to split it. 2. By the first of January our plant (to use) atomic energy for running different machines for eight months. 3. Many power stations (to use) atomic energy for a long time before I knew it. 4. All this period scientists and engineers (to develop) rocket technology and electronics in close cooperation. 5. We widely (to use) electronic devices in industry for many years. 6. We know that our astronomers (to observe) the moon for a long time. 7. My friend (to make) these experiments to compare the weigh of elements since the first of September, 8. The question about the new experiment on this subject (to discuss) for some time before we came to a definite conclusion.

**Task I. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Verbs in the Passive Voice.

1. Heat is radiated by the sun to the earth, but the land, the sea, and the air are affected differently by this radiation. 2. The positive particle in the nucleus was given the name of the "proton". 3. We were shown a number of experiments illustrating the presence of high-energy particles in the cosmic radiation. 4. The scientists of the world are confronted with the problem of interplanetary flights. 5. The modern scientific forecasts of weather can be fully relied upon. 6. Light may be thought of as some factor that is capable of affecting the eye. 7. The neutron is completely unaffected by a magnetic field. 8. The theory which K. Tsiolkovsky arrived at was based on experimen­tal work. 9. We live at the bottom of an ocean of air, and our lives are constantly influenced by the change and movement of this gas.

**Task II. Translate the following sentences with the Predicates in the Passive Voice.

1. I invite the students to the conference, I am invited to the conference. 2. He invited the students to the conference. He was invited to the conference. 3. The researcher carries out the experiment at high temperatures. This experiment is carried out at high temperatures. 4. Scientists use crystals in electronic devices. Crystals are also used in quantum generators. 5. The scientists developed several types of lasers. The first lasers were developed in 1960.6.1 shall inform you about this new discovery. We shall be informed about this discovery. 7. Solar batteries will generate electricity. Electricity will be generated from solar energy.

**Task III. Put the verbs in brackets in the required forms of the Tense and Voice and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The fact that atom has a nucleus in its center, which is positively charged, (to discuss) by Ernest Rutherford in 1911.2. This problem (to solve) in the near future, 3. The phenomenon of radioactivity (to use) widely in industry, medicine and agriculture, 4. He found that this effect (to cause) by some unknown subatomic particles. 5. The weights of these particles (to calculate) with the help of electronic computer. 6. U-238 (to convert) into plutonium and then (to use) to generate atomic power. 7. These substances (to refer to) usually as hydrogen isotopes. 8. One of the isotopes of hydrogen (to call) deuterium. 9. He (to puzzle) by these unexpected results. 10. It (to show) that these substances differed greatly in their chemical properties. 11. It (to expect) that the results of our research (to apply) in chemical industry.

** 1. Change the following sentences from Active into Passive Voice

1. My brother carries out many interesting experiments in our lab. 2. The engineer often gives the workers instructions. 3. The teacher often shows the students new devices, 4. In the assemble shop the workers assemble parts and fit them on the body of the machine. 5. My friend sends me two reference books a year. 6. In the engineering shop engineers repair engines. 7, The postman brings us newspapers and letters in the morning.

**2. Use the Present Indefinite Passive. Mind the place of the Preposition in the sentences. Translate the sentences:

1. We always look through the results of your experiments with great interest. 2. Students speak much of the new device which is used for measuring pressure. 3, They often refer to the facts given by you. 4. Many students attend your lectures. 5. He always looks through my reports. 6. The discussion usually follows the experiments. 7. We look upon crude oil as one of the most useful products. 8. What do we obtain petrol and paraffin from?