At the Dentist’s
Where do you go when you have a toothache?
When we have a toothache, when a tooth hurts us, we go to the dentist’s.
What does a dentist do when a patient comes to him for the first time?
The dentist asks him some questions about his dental history and his health in general. He examines his teeth and surrounding tissues. Then, he checks his bite.
What does a dentist do if a patient has a cavity in his tooth?
If a patient has a cavity in his tooth, the dentist puts in a filling.
What is it necessary to do to reveal any areas of decay which are not obviously detectable?
To reveal any areas of decay, which are not obviously detectable, the dentist takes X-rays.
What kinds of restorations do you know?
I know fillings, inlays, onlays, crowns, and different kinds of dentures.
What does the dentist use to reduce discomfort and pain in dental procedures?
To reduce patient’s discomfort and pain, the dentist uses local anesthesia.
What does the dentist’s job require?
The dentist’s job requires good professional knowledge and creative hands. Besides, any dentist must be able to get on with different kinds of people.
What must the dentist know?
The dentist must know all new methods of treatment, new materials used in stomatology as well as achievements in modern dentistry.
What dental specialties do you know?
I know dental therapy, dental surgery, orthodontics, orthopedics, periodontics and others.
Public Health Service in Russia
1.What institutions render the medical service in Russia?
Medical service in Russia is rendered in polyclinics and hospitals.
2. What kinds of polyclinics do you know?
I know local polyclinics, dental polyclinics, maternity consultations centers, and others.
3.What are the main departments of a general hospital?
A general hospital has the following department: therapeutic, surgical, gynecological and cardiological.
4.What types of special hospitals do you know?
I know ophthalmology hospital, tuberculosis hospital, infectious diseases hospital, mental hospital, oncological hospital and others.
5.What activities does a teaching hospital carry out?
A teaching hospital provides specialized and sophisticated health care, medical training, and research facilities.
6.In what rooms is thorough examination of patients conducted?
It is conducted in electrocardiography room, ultrasound examination room, operating room, dressing room, X-ray department, physical therapy department, echocardiography laboratory, and others.
7.Who is at the head of the hospital?
A hospital is headed by the chief physician.
8.What are the duties of a physician in charge and a physician on duty?
A physician in charge makes his daily rounds of the wards, examines the patients, prescribes treatment and writes his orders in the patients’ case histories. The physician on duty is responsible for all the patients of the department during his night shift.
9.What does a nurse do during her working day?
A nurse takes the patients’ temperature, gives drugs, makes injections and carries out a lot of other procedures.
10. What are the duties of a laboratory assistant?
A laboratory assistant takes blood samples and throat smears, make blood counts, urinalyses and other laboratory tests.
11. What are the arranged and emergency admissions?
An arranged admission has previously been recommended hospitalization. An emergency admission goes into hospital as a result of accidents or sudden illnesses.
AIDS
What kind of disease is AIDS?
AIDS is a serious infectious disease that stops the body from defending itself against infections and other diseases.
What is AIDS caused by?
AIDS is caused by HIV that is human immunodeficiency virus.
Where in the body may HIV be found?
HIV may be found in saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, blood, semen, vaginal fluid and breast milk.
What does the term AIDS mean?
The term AIDS means acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
What are the ways of HIV transmission?
The most common way of HIV transmission is sexual contact with an infected partner.
HIV can also spread through infected blood and shared needles or syringes contaminated with the virus. Untreated women with HIV also can pass the infection to their babies during pregnancy, delivery or through their breast milk.
What symptoms does a man infected with HIV develop?
At first, a person infected with HIV may have no symptoms at all. Once the immune system weakens, he may develop the following symptoms:
Lack of energy
Weight loss
Frequent fevers and sweats
Persistent or frequent yeast infections
Persistent skin rash
Short-term memory loss
Mouth, genital, or anal sores from herpes infection
Do symptom-free people transmit the virus to others?
Yes, they do. In the symptom-free period, which may last from a few months to more than 10 years, an infected person is able to transmit the virus to others.
Who is at risk of AIDS?
The group includes people
having unprotected sex with multiple partners or HIV-positives
sharing needles or syringes during intravenous drug use
newborns and nursing infants whose mothers have tested positive for HIV
9. What complications do people with HIV infection develop?
The identified complication of AIDS is wasting syndrome, which is manifested as a loss of at least 10 percent of the body weight accompanied by diarrhea, chronic weakness and fever. People with AIDS are prone to develop various cancers such as Kaposi sarcoma, cervical cancer, and cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas.
What preventive measures of AIDS do you know?
The most effective preventive measure is to avoid sexual intercourse with multiple partners and people at risk.
Oral Cavity
What is the oral cavity formed by?
The oral cavity is formed by the palates, the cheeks and the lips.
Where are the teeth implanted?
The teeth are implanted on the borders of the upper and lower jawbones.
How many sets of teeth are there? What are they?
There are two sets of teeth. The first set is the milk or deciduous teeth. The second set is the permanent teeth.
How many teeth does a normal man have? What are they?
A normal man has thirty-two permanent teeth. They are eight incisors, four cuspids or canines, eight bicuspids or premolars, and twelve molars.
What parts does a tooth consist of?
A tooth consists of a crown, a neck, and a root.
Which layer is the most protective layer of the crown?
The most protective layer of the crown is enamel.
What layer is there underneath the enamel?
There is dentin underneath the enamel.
What is cement?
Cement is the protective layer of the dentin.
What is the pulp?
The pulp is a soft vascular layer in the center of the tooth.
How many salivary glands are there on the oral cavity?
There are three pairs of salivary gland in the oral cavity.
Stomatitis Simplex
1. What is the simplest form of stomatitis?
The simplest form of stomatitis consists of slight transient eruption on the buccal mucosa.
2. What is the eruption on the buccal mucosa accompanied by?
The eruption on the buccal mucosa is accompanied by generalized hyperemia of the oral mucosa, tenderness of the oral tissues and increased salivation.
3. What appears on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity in case of stomatitis?
Bright red elevated patches appear on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.
4. What are the main symptoms of stomatitis simplex?
The main symptoms of stomatitis simplex are:
* eruption on the buccal mucosa
* generalized hyperemia of the oral mucosa
* tenderness of the oral tissues
* and increased salivation.
5. Has the patient any fever in stomatitis simplex?
Yes, he has. There may be a slight fever in stomatitis simplex.
6.What is the temperature in stomatitis simplex?
The temperature may be as high as 37.4 degrees Celsius.
7.When does stomatitis simplex occur among children?
Among children stomatitis simplex most commonly occurs at the time of teething.
8.What do we call the form of stomatitis, which occurs among children?
The form of stomatitis, which occurs among children, is called stomatitis infantum.
What causes stomatitis simplex in adults?
In adults stomatitis may be caused by excessive use of tobacco, alcohol and highly spiced food. It may also be caused by faulty hygiene of the mouth.
When does stomatitis simplex promptly subside?
Stomatitis simplex promptly subsides when the cause of the disease is removed.
Taking Dental History
1.What does evaluation of a patient begin with?
Evaluation of a patient begins with a carefully obtained history of the patient.
2. What is dental history of a patient?
Dental history is the complete information about the patient and the course of the disease.
3. Why is it necessary for a dentist to take dental history of a patient?
Dental history of a patient is needed for a dentist to make a correct clinical diagnosis and plan
proper treatment.
4. What does the initial information about a patient include?
Initial information about a patient includes his name, address, sex, age, occupation, and marital status.
5. What dental habits does the dentist ask the patient about?
The most common questions are: tooth cleaning habits, what toothpaste is used, what type of
toothbrush is used, smoking or not smoking.
6. Why should the dentist be informed about the patient’s diet?
The dentist should be informed about the patient’s diet because it plays an important role in dental caries as well as in wear.
7. What is the information about general health condition composed of?
The information about general health condition is composed of known allergies, heart diseases, other serious diseases (such as diabetes, anemia, tumors, and any infections), pregnancy, and any difficulties to stop bleeding after tooth extraction.
8. What does the information about previous dental treatment provide?
The information about previous dental treatment provides some clues as to motivation, likely
attendance pattern, problems with local and general anesthesia, orthodontics, periodontal treatment etc.
9. How can a dentist establish good communication with the patient?
Firstly, the patient should be seated comfortably. Everything that could interfere with
comprehension, for example, music or loud conversation in an adjacent room, should be avoided.
Then, the dentist should not use any medical terms that the patient cannot understand. And last, if the dentist noticed any dental anxiety of the patient, he should try to support him.
10. What does the dentist do after taking dental history of the patient?
After taking dental history of the patient, the dentist starts the initial examination of the oral cavity.