Ireland. Ireland is the second largest of the British Islands lying in the Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain.

The island of Ireland is politically divided into two parts: Northern Ireland (Ulster), which forms part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, capital Belfast, and the Republic of Ireland — a separate state named Eire in Irish; its capital is Dublin.

Northern Ireland is a unique region within the United Kingdom, for in addition to economic problems similar to those seen in other national outlying regions, there are political divisions, which reflect the unsettled Irish issue. At present Northern Ireland in the political sense comprises six counties of Ulster, which was one of the four provinces of ancient Ireland. Three other provinces of Ulster form part of the Irish Republic.

The history of Anglo-Irish relations began with the colonization of Ireland by the Normans under Henry II of England in the 12th century. Over the next two centuries these Norman settlers became “more Irish than the Irish”, and it is possible that Ireland might have ended up as a contented Anglo-Irish society under the British Crown. However, in the 16th century Henry VIII quarrelled with Rome and declared himself head of the Anglican Church. Resistance from Irish Catholics was strong, but was put down by Henry’s armies. And so trying to force Irish Catholics to

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become Anglican and by taking a lot of their land, Henry began the two lasting problems of Anglo-Irish relations — religion and land.

What he started was continued by his daughter Elizabeth I. Ulster was a specially difficult area to bring under her rule. The soldiers of the province of Ulster successfully fought against Elizabeth’s armies until 1603, but were finally defeated. Then the “Plantation of Ulster” began. “Plantation” meant that twenty-three new towns were built in Ulster to protect the needs of 170,000 new Protestant settlers known as “planters’, most of whom came from Scotland.

Religion separated the planters and native Irishmen. The Scots planters were Presbyterians, a form of Protestantism, and they were deeply suspicious of Catholics and Catholicism. But they brought with them their own laws and] customs relating to land, which encouraged greater social stability and economic growth. The Scots also placed great emphasis on education and hard work, and they were good at business. All this sowed the seeds of Ulster’s 19th century industrialization, which made it different from the rest of Ireland.

Nevertheless the Irish continued to fight for independence and in 1921 after a mass uprising Great Britain was forced to grant independence to the south. Ulster chose to remain part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The Irish Free State declared itself a republic in 1949 and is now known as the Irish Republic, or Eire (an old Irish word for Ireland). It is completely separate and independent from Britain and Northern Ireland, and its government is in the capital city, Dublin.

Six counties of Ulster where the Protestants had a majority in the population remained under British rule with the name of Northern Ireland. In 1949, Northern Ireland still had its own Prime Minister and its own Parliament at Stormont in Belfast which was responsible for the province’s internal (not foreign) affairs, but it was still part of the U.K.

From the beginning, the Stormont Parliament was dominated by Protestants. Northern Irish Catholics, who were now in a minority, found that they did not have equal opportunities with Protestants for housing and employment. a campaign of civil rights for Catholics was started but very little attention was paid to it by the ruling Protestants.

In 1969 there was rioting in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestants. By 1972 the hostility between the two groups was so bad that Britain suspended the Northern Irish Parliament at Stormont and sent in the British army to keep the peace. The soldiers were welcomed at first by the Catholics as protectors from Protestant violence, but when the army

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began house-to-house searches of Catholic areas for men with guns, the welcome soon turned to bitterness.

There have been many deaths since 1969. In 1972, on what became known as “Bloody Sunday”, British soldiers opened fire on Catholic demonstrators in Londonderry and thirteen people were killed. In addition, many British soldiers have been killed. Both the Protestant and the Catholic communities have illegal secret armies fighting a bloody war. On the Catholic side, are the IRA (Irish Republican Army) and INLA (Irish National Liberation Army). Both these organizations want to achieve a united Ireland by violent means, but they are condemned today by the government of the Irish Republic. On the Protestant side are the UDA (Ulster Defence Association) and the UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force).

Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, is a modern city, a city of the 19th century and of the industrial revolution. Its expansion was rather later than that of most other British industrial cities and it thus avoided some of their worst features. There a few trim Georgian buildings and one of two houses dating from the 17th century, but the mass of the city’s buildings are late Victorian or belong to the present century. The City Hall in Donegall Square, with its lofty dome, is one of the chief landmarks. There are a number of public and ecclesiastical buildings worth seeing, including the huge Law Courts and the Protestant (Church of Ireland) Cathedral.

The Albert Memorial clock in High Street is one of those buildings which despite piling have shown signs of subsidence. Built nearly a hundred years ago, this Belfast landmark shows visible evidence of a desire to emulate the leaning tower of Pisa. The Museum and Art Gallery at Stranmilles Road (known as “The Ulster Museum) houses an art gallery, rich in modern Irish painting, a fine collection of Irish silverware and exhibits which give a vivid picture of Ulster history, geology, and animal life. There is a specialist library which includes early Belfast-printed books, a fascinating collection of photographs which record Ulster life a century ago, and the Horner collection of spinning wheels. Flanking the Ulster Museum is one of Belfast’s oldest and most pleasant parks, the Botanic Gardens, which was originally owned by a private society but has been the property of the public for about seventy years. Its main features are the conservatory, the tropical greenhouses, and the rosewalks.

Behind the conservatory are grouped the main buildings of the Queen’s University of Belfast, so called because it was originally one of three colleges founded by Queen Victoria under an 845 Act of Parliament.

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