Exercises

1. Find in the text synonyms for the following words:

indeed, fully, to be composed of, to demand, quantity, substance, to cause, only, to consider.

2. Give derivatives from the following words and translate them:

to measure, to know, to divideas , unit, to consider, to require, equal,to

produce, excess, number, like.

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents for?

in other words, hitherto, in fact, as a matter of fact, with regard to, regardless of, to be in excess of.

4. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the mean­ing of the expressions in italics:

1. In dealing with direct currents any potential difference in excess of five volts should be considered unsafe. 2. Tubes with rating in excess of about 1 kw require special means of cooling. 3. The number of protons in the nucleus in excess of the number of electrons in the nucleus is called the atomic number and determines what the element is. 4. Regardless of the external shape of the crystal, the internal arrangement of the atom is the same. 5. The difference of potential between the terminals of every dry cell, regardless of size, is approximately 1.5 volts. 6. There are only three different types of ionic reactions if we classify them with regard to cause. 7. As a matter of fact, most of our knowledge of the nature of atoms has come from the work of physicists. 8. As a matter of fact, the methods used in measuring activities depend upon well known equilibrium laws.

5. State the functions of the words ending in -ed.

1. V. Petrov discovered the permanent flame setting up between two char-coals under current. 2. The pheomenon discovered by V.V. Petrov was of greatest importance for the development of the science of electricity. 3. Many interesting phenomena were discovered by him, which contributed a great deal to the development of science and technique. 4. In order to observe electrification by friction we rubbed two dissimilar substances. 5. Two dissimilar substances rubbed together become electrified. 6. Rubbed together the two dissimilar substances have become electrified. 7. When an electric charge is in motion it is referred to as an electric current. 8. The voltage referred to in the case under consideration was extremely high. 9. The laboratory just referred to was provided with the most modern measuring devices. 10. The experimenter will be able to carry out numerous tests provided he is given all necessary instruments.

6. State the function of the Participles in the following sentences and translate these sentences:

1. The ampere is the practical unit representing the rate of flow of electricity. 2. An ammeter is really an electron-flow-indicating machine. 3. The ampere is simply a measure of the number of electrons passing a given point per a second of time. 4. The magnetizing effect of current depends on the strength of the current and on the number of turns through which the current flows. 5. In the Figure given below the current is flowing in the opposite direction. 6. Placing a magnetic material in the field of another magnet, we can magnetize it to a certain degree. 7. When flowing through a conductor the alternating current reverses its direction at regular intervals. 8. While magnetizing the magnetic material, we stroke it with a permanent magnet. 9. A large amount of different rubber components are available which have different characteristics, depending upon the service conditions for which they have been developed. 10. Faraday found that if a metallic circuit, say a copper ring, is placed in the neighbourhood of magnets or of conductors conveying electric currents in such a position that a magnetic flux passes through the ring or circuit, the lines of magnetic flux being linked through it, and if a total amount of magnetic flux passing through the ring is altered or in any way changed, then under these circumstances an electromotive force is set up in the ring or circuit. 11. The force driving round the armature of the meter is proportional to the product of the strength of two currents, one of which is the current going into the circuit being measured, and the other of which is proportional to the terminal voltage of the circuit being metered.

VII. State the functions of the Past Participles in the following sentences. Translate these sentences:

1. When a glass rod rubbed with silk is brought close to a bit of paper, there is attraction. 2. When used with an input resistance of 10^s ohms, a current amplification of 250,000 may be obtained. 3. When two different substances are rubbed together and then separated, it is found that both are electrified. 4. When the electrified end of a similarly charged rod is brought close by, the suspended rod turns away, showing repulsion. 5. A charged sphere, whether hollow or solid, when isolated so as to be uninfluenced by its surroundings, will show the same separation of the electroscope leaves when tested with a proof plane at all points on the outer surface. 6. If lined up parallel to each other and to the magnetizing field, the small N and S poles of elementary magnets are adjacent to each other and cancel each other's effect on external objects.

8. State the forms and functions of the Participles in the following sentences. Translate the sentences:

1. Having made many tests, the experimenter got interesting results. 2. Having been tested under unfavourable conditions the machine was successfully put into operation. 3. Having finished the research, the scientist made a thorough analysis of the data obtained. 4. Having been insulated with a new kind of insulating material the cable was tested under different conditions. 5. Having used all the data available the scientist suggested a new interesting method of analysis. 6. Having analysed the properties of the substance the experimenter arrived at new valuable conclusions. 7. Having carried on many experiments and tests on luminescence V. V. Petrov published many articles on this subject. 8. Having lost some of its electrons the atom has a positive charge. 9. Having been rubbed many substances become electrified. 10. The atom has a negative charge, having acquired an excess of electrons.

8. Be ready to answer the following questions:

1. When were the ideas of the nature of matter and electricity revolutionized? 2. How was the atom regarded up to the second half of the past century? 3. How is the atom regarded to-day? 4. What is matter now considered made up of? 5. What matter is neutral? 6. When does matter produce electrical effects? 7. When has the atom a positive charge? 8. When has the atom a negative charge?

8. Learn the dialogue.