- •Participle
- •Participle I
- •Verbal features
- •Adjectival features
- •Adverbial features
- •Grammatical categories of participle I
- •Participle I and gerund compared
- •Participle I as attribute
- •Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •Verbs of motion: to come, to enter, to arrive, to turn, to leave
- •Verbs of sense perception: to see, to hear to find
- •Adverbial Modifier of Reason (Cause)
- •Adverbial Modifier of Manner and Attendant Circumstances
- •Adverbial Modifier of Condition and Concession
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •Participle I as part of complex object
- •Verbs of sense perception
- •2. Verbs of causative meaning (побудительное значение)
- •3. Verbs of wishes and emotions to want to like
- •Participle I as predicative
- •Participle I as part of a compound verbal predicate (Complex Subject)
- •Participle I as parenthesis
- •Participle II
- •Participle II as attribute
- •Participle II as part of complex object
- •1. Verbs of sense perception
- •2. Verbs of emotions to want to wish to desire to prefer to like
- •3. Verbs of causative meaning (побудительное значение)
- •4. Verbs of mental activity to consider to believe to understand
- •Task 24. Something unpleasant happened to each of these people last week. Make up sentences using ‘have something done’. Follow the example.
- •Suggested answers
- •What she though: I will my clothes / mend there
- •Task 30. Underline the right answer to the question about the sentences given below.
- •Participle II as part of a compound verbal predicate (Complex Subject)
- •Participle II as a predicative
- •Participial constructions
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Misrelated participles
- •General revision of verbals
- •A case of the snakes!
- •Grab the chance
Adverbial Modifier of Time
In this function mostly non-perfect active participle is used with conjunctions while and when, e.g.
While watching TV, Moira ate all the chocolates.
When reciting poems, the boy always looked at the ceiling.
Though usually perfect participle denotes the priority, non-perfect participle can also show it with certain groups of verbs if there is no big lapse of time. Compare:
Verbs of motion: to come, to enter, to arrive, to turn, to leave
Arriving at the station, Philip found his train gone.
Having arrived at the station three hours before the train, Philip had much time to kill.
Verbs of sense perception: to see, to hear to find
Hearing the news, I phoned the professor immediately, e.g.
Having heard from him only once in three years, I started to forget him.
!!! The Participle I of the verb ‘to be’ is never used as an adverbial modifier of time. Instead an adverbial clause of time is used, e.g.
Будучи в Лондоне, он забыл зайти в издательство. / Будучи в Лондоні, він забув зайти у видавництво. = When (he was) in London, he forgot to call at the publishing house.
Don’t confuse it with the verb ‘to be’ in the function of an adverbial modifier of reason, compare:
Adverbial modifier of time
Adverbial modifier of reason
Будучи ребенком (когда он был ребенком), он часто ходил в тот парк с няней и играл там с детьми. / Будучи дитиною (коли він був дитиною), він часто ходив у той парк із нянькою й грав там з дітьми. = When he was a child, he often went to that park with his nurse and played there with children.
Будучи ребенком он не понимал, почему его родители так часто ссорились. (он не понимал, потому что был ребенком) / Будучи дитиною він не розумів, чому його батьки так часто сварилися. (він не розумів, тому що був дитиною) = Being a child, he did not understand why his parents quarrelled so often.
Passive and perfect participles usually show priority, e.g.
Being left alone, the child burst out crying.
Having closed the door, Mary leaned on it and closed her tired eyes.
Adverbial Modifier of Reason (Cause)
In this function the most frequently used participles are of the verbs ‘to be’ and ‘to have’ and of the verbs denoting mental perceptions and emotions, e.g.
being having knowing realizing remembering
expecting hoping fearing
Hoping to find Bella at home, Ted hurried to her house.
Knowing Professor Carter as a sensible man, Richard decided to turn to him for help.
Steve stopped speaking, expecting me to express my agreement.
Not knowing what to expect from that strange man, Dina moved from him as far as possible.
Having heard from Mark too late, we couldn’t change our plans.