1. Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right (if necessary consult the text):

   to be equal	a. down the divorce rate
   to close	b. an offence
   to some	c. the point
   to hold	d. guilty
   to commit	e. against smb.
   to miss	f. policies
   to feel	g. to realize
   to discriminate	h. as …
   to follow	i. goods
   to come	j. ground for divorce
   to serve	k. under the law
   to distribute	l. families intact
   to be legal	m. the marriage
   to preserve	n. extent
   to disrupt	o. one’s eyes to smth.

2. Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right. Think of sentences of your own using the words of the left column:

   1. income	a. faithfulness, loyalty
   2. discrepancy	b. something that limits one’s freedom of action
   3. concessions	c. being not in agreement with each other or with something else
   4. fidelity	d. a fact, a sign or an object that gives proof or reason to believe or agree with smth.
   5. welfare	e. a husband or wife
   6. constraint	f. a punishment for breaking a law, rule or legal agreement
   7. inconsistency	g. health, comfort and happiness, help provided for people with social problems, money difficulties
   8. evidence	h. money which one receives regularly, usually as payment for one’s work or interest from investments
   9. spouse	i. act of wrongdoing, especially of breaking the law
   10. offence	j. willingness to accept or allow behaviour, beliefs, customs etc. which one does not like or agree with, without opposition
   11. tolerance	k. a point, a right given or allowed especially unwillingly or after a disagreement
   12. penalty	l. an arrangement or system that makes a particular activity possible
   13. facility	m. difference, lack of agreement or similarity

3. Complete the following table:

   Verb	Noun	Adjective
   	discrimination
   	defect
   to distribute
   		tolerant
   		simple
   	practice
   to distinguish
   		disruptive

4. Give the opposites to the following words:

1. professional

2. discriminative

3. overweight

4. formal

5. legitimate

6. stable

7. moral

8. legal

1. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. На самом деле реальное поведение людей сильно отличается от идеальных образцов.

2. Идеальные образцы могут служить в качестве фактора сдерживания и контроля за реально существующими образцами, они также (контролируют) сдерживают такое поведение людей, которое могло бы угрожать стабильности общества.

3. Сделать так означало бы не понимать основную идею.

4. В какой-то степени идеальные культурные образцы больше созвучны с прошлыми, чем с существующими в данное время условиями.

5. Идеальные образцы супружеской верности заставляют людей чувствовать себя виноватыми, когда они вступают во внебрачные отношения.

6. Если бы идеальные нормы не сдерживали поведение людей, то разводы могли бы стать более частым явлением, чем это имеет место сегодня.

7. Реально существующие образцы разводов стали в корне отличаться от идеальных образцов, предусмотренных законом.

8. Идеальные культурные образцы строятся на основании официально признанных норм общества, а реальные культурные образцы описывают поведение, которое часто расходится с этими официально признанными нормами.

1. Translate from English into Russian the definition of the term “way of life” given in the “Glossary” and from Russian into English the definition of the term “образ жизни”. Compare the two definitions and comment on it.

2. Give the main idea of the text “Real and ideal patterns”.

Section V.7. Specific cultures. Subcultures. Contracultures (p.89 – p.92)

Words:

subcultures

modifiers

elaboration

to perpetuate

rudiments

to be aware of (smth.)

awareness

to approximate

monogamy

polygyny

plain adj.

contracultures

to assume

to reject

frustration

to encounter

hypocritical

to replace

to disapprove of

to afford

conformity

to presume

presumably

Phrases:

social heritage of manking

biological regulation of behaviour

enclaves of people

communal living

interrelated sets of behaviour patterns

specific culture

precise boundary

to set off cultural specialties from subcultures

to use the term carefully (зд. осторожно)

with full awareness of smth.

to develop a distinctive way of life

a distinctive subculture

to live out one’s life

to wear plain black clothes

to be exposed to smth.

the basic values

occupational groups

acquisition of material possessions

to find solace in smth.

in time

to stand in direct opposition to …

to be a response to

to meet the criterion

to earn one’s living through quasi-legal activities