Section IV.2. Competition (p.54 – p.58) Words:

undesirable

goods

prestige

reward

successful

ornament

privilege

elite

well-to-do

data

concept

phenomenon

to accentuate

actual

to reduce

to exaggerate

extreme

to advance

to compare

bimodal

considerable

clarity

overwhelming

classificatory

failure

pattern

scope

endless

to assess

consumer

efficiency

effectively

productivity

evidence

output

widespread

undesirable

to engender

hostility

Phrases:

common people

logical standards

logical extremes

to place emphasis on

logically pure

to show clear preference for

considerable clarity

entire societies

bimodal / unimodal distribution

to stimulate productivity

increasingly circumscribed

widely valued

feelings of hostility

human needs

to be insatiable

to be in short supply

to compete for dwelling space/ elaborate clothing

bodily ornaments

to be defined in terms of land

cockle shells

to distribute material goods

to be sorted into categories

to represent reality

to catalog all of the instances

to be doomed to failure

to pay attention to smth.

negative effects

undesirable personal, social consequences

to engender attitudes and feelings of hostility

to be placed near the center of the continuum

to be defined in terms of logical extremes

unfortune truth

mixed types

to return directly now to one’s discussion

to be shown / to be illustrated in Figure

an appropriate question

Commentaries and Notes:

1. elite – фр. элита, отборная часть общества, цвет общества.

2. continuum – (мн.ч. continua), континуум.

3. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) – Национальное управление по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства - ведомство пр-ва США (созд. В 1958 г.) разрабатывает программы космических полетов, создания космических кораблей и.т.п. НАСА объединяет 10 научно-исследовательских центров, в т.ч. и Космический центр им. Л. Джонсона (Хьюстон, штат Техас), Центр им. Дж. Кеннеди на мысе Канаверал (штат Флорида).

4. Instead of engaging in (1) | what likely would be endless and not very productive efforts to classify whole societies as basically competitive or cooperative,(2)| sociologists have turned their energies to assessing the conditions and the effects of these social processes in more limited group settings – likely- зд. идея предположительности, вероятнее всего; (2) является придаточным предложением, выполняющим функцию дополнения к отглагольному существительному engaging in (см. “A Grammar Workbook”, Part II, p. 271-273).

5. …negative effects that cause its role in the society to be increasingly circumscribed. - cause its role …circumscribed – зд. to make its role..limited; increasingly – зд. more and more.

Exercises:

1. Find Russian equivalents for:

common people, logical standards, logical extremes, no existing case, to place emphasis on, logically pure, dwelling space, no actual society, to show clear preference for, American values, considerable clarity, entire societies, to be doomed to failure, bimodal / unimodal distribution, reduced risks, to stimulate productivity, increasingly circumscribed, widely valued, feelings of hostility, to be defined with considerable clarity, to illustrate smth. with data, to assess the respective roles of cooperation, hypothetical normal distribution, competitive awarding, to result in open conflict.