2. Find in the «Glossary» the definitions of all the terms from chapter 3 (generation, behaviour, social behaviour, communication, ethology, gesture, sign, language, symbol, social interaction) and their Russian equivalents.Translate all the English-language definitions into Russian and all the Russian-language ones into English. Compare the definitions of the same terms and comment on the differences.

3. Fill in the empty cells in the table:

   Noun	Adjective	Adverb
   increase
   		strictly
   accuracy
   	probable
   incomprehensibility
   		similarly
   superstition
   	eloquent
   difference
   		meaninglessly

4. Translate the following text into Russian:

One major aspect of non-verbal communication is the facial expression of emotion. Paul Ekman and his colleagues have developed what they call the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) for describing movements of the facial muscles that give rise to particular expressions. By this means they have tried to inject some precision into an area notoriously open to inconsistent or contradictory interpretations - for there is little agreement about how emotions are to be identified and classified. Charles Darwin, the originator of evolutionary theory, claimed that basic modes of emotional expression are the same among all human beings. Although some have disputed the claim, Ekman's researches among people from widely different cultural backgrounds seem to confirm this. Ekman and Friesen carried out a study of an isolated community in New Guinea, whose members had previously had vir­tually no contact with outsiders. Facial expressions of six emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise) shown in other studies to be recognized among many different peoples were also found among the members of this culture.

The judgements made by the New Guinea community of different emotions, as shown in pictures of facial expressions, conformed fairly closely to those found in other research work. According to Ekman, such results support the view that the facial expression of emotion, and its interpretation, are innate in human beings. However, he acknowledges that his evidence does not conclusively demonstrate this, and it may be that widely shared cultural learning experiences are involved. However, Ekman's conclusions are supported by other types of research. Eibl-Eibesfeldt studied six children born deaf and blind to see how far their facial expressions were the same as those of normal individuals in particular emotional situations. It was found that the children smiled when engaged in obviously pleasurable activities, raised the eyebrows in surprise when sniffing at an object with an unaccustomed smell, and frowned when repeatedly offered a disliked object. Since they could not have seen others behaving in these ways, it seems that these responses must have been innately determined.

Using the FACS system, Ekman and Friesen identified a number of the discrete facial muscle-actions in new-born infants which are also found in the adult expression of emotion. Infants seem, for example, to produce facial expressions similar to the adult expression of disgust (pursing the lips and frowning) in response to sour tastes. But although the facial expression of emotion seems to have innate aspects, individual and cultural factors influence exactly what form facial movements take, and the contexts in which they are deemed appropriate. How people smile, for example, the precise movement of the lips and other facial muscles, and how fleeting the smile is, all vary widely between cultures.

Source: «Sociology» by Anthony Giddens, second edition fully revised and updated, Polity Press, 1993, p.92.