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        1. Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one and make your own sentences with them:

a) societies

order

revolution

organization

social

pre-industrial

industrial

b) to create

to dissolve

to spread

to rebel against

the forms of social organization

industrial revolution

social changes

a society

        1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

  1. The development of sociology, and its current concerns, have to be grasped in the context of changes that have created the modern world.

  2. If the ideals of the revolutionaries have scarcely been fully realised even now, they created a climate of political change that has proved one of the dynamic forces of contemporary history.

  3. But these were themselves rare instances; and in each case those who formed the "citizens" were a minority of the population, the majority of whom were slaves or others without the prerogatives of the select groups of citizenry.

  4. Table 1.1 shows that urbanisation has expanded dramatically upon a world scale, and continues to do so.

  5. All the industrialised countries are highly urbanised, by whatever indices one chooses to distinguish the "town" or "city" from smaller population aggregates.

  6. The largest urban areas in the contemporary world are quite enormous when contrasted to cities in societies before the nineteenth century.

  7. The total number seems to have grown at a fairly steady, but slow, rate up to the eighteenth century; world population probably just about doubled over this period.

  8. Since then there has occurred the 'population explosion' of which everyone has heard, however little they may know about the details.

  9. These changes, emanating originally from Western Europe, are now global in their impact.

  10. This same process promoted an expansion of cities upon a scale again previously unwitnessed in history.

  11. By modern standards, virtually all cities in pre-industrial societies, even the most famed cosmopolitan centres, were relatively small.

  12. The second factor was the size of the mortality rate of children; it was not uncommon, in mediaeval Europe and elsewhere, for up to half of the children born annually to die before reaching adulthood.

  13. They have all but totally dissolved the forms of social organisation in which humankind had lived for thousands of years of its previous history.

  14. The rise in life expectancy, and dramatic decreases in child mortality rates — brought about by improved sanitation, general conditions of hygiene, and the medical conquest of some of the major infectious diseases — have unleashed this prodigious population growth.

        1. Complete the following sentences using the text:

  1. We live in an age of ....

  2. In the space of only something like two centuries...

  3. The most important of these was ... of the mass of ... from the land into the constantly expanding sectors of industrial work, a process which also eventually led to the widespread mechanisation of agrarian production.

  4. Prior to the nineteenth century, even in the most highly ... societies, no more than 10 per cent of the population lived in towns or cities — usually considerably less in most agrarian ... and...

  5. If ... are at the heart of the transformations that have irretrievably dissolved ... , there is a third phenomenon associated with them which must be given mention.

  6. There are rapidly expanding ... areas in most of the Third World countries as well.

  7. Prior to the last two centuries, the average ... from birth was rarely more than thirty-five years, and often less.

  8. In the French revolution (to which we can bracket, with some reservations, the anti-colonial revolution in North America in 1776) for the first time in history there took place...

  9. By the turn of the nineteenth century, the population of London already...

  10. While the consequences of such population growth for the future of ....

  11. But these technical inventions were only part of...

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