10. Make up phrasal verbs matching the particles with the following verbs. The particles may be used more than once. Translate the verbs into Russian. Use the phrasal verbs in sentences of your own.

    1. to agree	a) on
    2. to add	b) with
    3. to arrive … decision	c) upon
    4. to refer	d) up
    5. to hold	e) at
    6. to subject	f) into
    7. to be concerned	g) to
    8. to deal	h) for

11. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Социология анализирует эмпирические данные о человеческом обществе и социальном поведении, используя рациональные методы.

2. Одна из целей социологического исследования – это сбор данных, организация и классификация их на основе научных принципов.

3. Систематически анализируя и классифицируя полученные данные, социолог может выявить характерные связи между классами переменных.

4. Научная интерпретация социальных явлений приводит к пониманию общества.

5. Знания о социальном поведении накапливаются постоянно.

6. Знание о человеческом обществе всегда относительно и подлежит пересмотру с учетом современных данных.

7. Понимание и прогнозирование различных социальных процессов является целями социологических исследований.

8. Многие социологи признают еще одну цель социологического исследования – осуществление контроля над использованием полученных научных данных и активное участие в социальных процессах.

9. Социолог, благодаря своему опыту анализа социальных проблем, может эффективно помочь обществу в реализации его целей.

12. Find English definitions for the following terms in the glossary. Translate them into Russian:

sociology , society, social science, social system, social inquiry.

13. Find Russian definitions for the following terms using the glossary. Translate them into English:

социология, общество, социальная наука, социальная система, социологический опрос.

14. Give English equivalents to the following Russian terms:

1. политическое пристрастие;

2. социологическое исследование;

3. социальное исследование;

4. стратегический план исследовательского проекта;

5. научное прогнозирование;

6. совокупность постулатов в определенной сфере познания;

7. социальная ответственность.

15. Give the main idea of the text “Goals of sociology”.

16. Translate the following text into Russian

Social forecasting

Social forecasting is an approach to social theory which attempts to outline the probabilities of a range of historical tendencies.

Social forecasting attempts to outline probabilities, and is possible only where ‘there are regularities and recurrences of phenomena’; or where there are trends whose direction ‘can be plotted within statistical time-series or be formulated as historical tendencies’; and where ‘one can assume a high degree of rationality on the part of the men who influence events’.

Since (as Bell admits) these conditions rarely obtain, social forecasters are often restricted to specifying the constraints within which certain policy decisions can be made effective, rather than predicting the results of particular decisions.

The problem of objectivity

In conducting research, scientists try to follow two general rules:

1. Researchers should use standard scales of measurement and should describe their methods fully. This allows others to test their findings by repeating their research.

2. Researchers should remain unbiased and objective. Being objective involves not taking sides and making judgments as to whether what one has observed is good or bad. It also involves not allowing personal values and preferences to influence the conclusions of one’s research.

If sociologists were alien beings it would be relatively easy for them to remain objective while studying human society. But sociologists are, of course, very much part of the social world that they are studying. This make it difficult for them to maintain an objective, neutral stance. Like everyone else, sociologists have their own particular beliefs, moral preferences and political opinions which can all too easily affect their research.

Total objectivity is an impossibility and it cannot be obtained by any discipline. But a high degree of objectivity can be achieved if certain habits of mind are adopted:

1. Patience is needed so that the sociologists will take the time to consider all of the evidence.

2. Open-mindedness is needed so that the sociologists is receptive to different viewpoints and interpretations.

3. The sociologists needs to be reasonable and only prepared to offer explanations that are based on the evidence.