1. Comment on the following sentences (provide the relevant illustrations, argue for/ against these statements):

1. It is governments that rule (and, unfortunately, also bureaucrats, our civil servants - or our uncivil masters, as Winston Churchill called them - whom it is difficult, if not impossible, to make accountable for the actions).

2. It is not likely for the people to vote dictatorship if the vote is free. But it has happened.

3. Winston Churchill once said, jokingly, that democracy is the worst form of government - with the exception of all other known forms of government.

4. Since rising of monotheism as a new ideology of legitimacy, the spiritual and the worldly powers thus became mutual dependants and therefore rivals, throughout the Middle Ages.

7. Make as many meaningful phrasal verbs as possible, using the propositions in the second column, and provide the relevant translation:

to put	in
to make	out
to get	off
to move	away
to take	back
to give	on
to set	up
to call	for

8. Answer the questions (using the material of the previous text section were necessary):

1. Why was the Protestant legitimacy questioned by a part of British society in the second half of XVII century?

2. Why did monarchy become of dubious legitimacy after the events of "Glorious Revolution" in Britain?

3. What kind of problem does K. Popper suggest as the fundamental one of a rational political theory?

4. What is the simplest solution that democracies can provide for this problem?

5. What is the condition for legitimately changing most constitutions?

6. What are the major evils of dictatorship?

1. Make your own sentences with a) the words from the Words list, b) phrases from Exercise 1, c) phrasal verbs from Exercise

2. Give the main idea of the text.

Section VII.4. Proportional representation (p.146 – p.149)

Words:

coalition government

proportional representation

natural right

electorate

constitutional status

constituency

to prevail

otherwise

typically

consequently

deliberately

desirable

criticism

to criticise

loyalty

to represent smb.

to deserve smth.

Phrases:

the issue of smth.

the chances for smth.

to constitute a right

to form the background of smth.

the numerical distribution of opinion among

to be against smth.

to look without prejudice

inescapable consequences

to attain a status

to trust smb. to do smth.

to be the instrument of

to the best of one's ability/ of one's knowledge

to be identical with smth.

to place an obligation upon smb.

to pursue the interests

to be personally responsible to smb.

to be recognised by constitution

to have a duty to smb.

primary duty

to do away with smth.

to seek election as (smb.)

proportional representation

the wording of constitution

to be voted into parliament

under party system

to be a sufficient argument against smth.

to carry personal responsibility

to judge on one's own

to resign from

loyalty to smb.

to exercise an influence on

Commentaries and notes:

The rule of the people, by the people, and for the people - the allusion to the famous words the American president Abraham Lincoln spoke in his renown Gettysburg Address. That speech was delivered in 1863 at the dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the site of one of the decisive battles of the American Civil War (July 1-3, 1863). The speech is remarkably brief (268 words in 10 sentences), but it is recognised as one of classic utterances of all time, a masterpiece of prose poetry.

The old theory ¹ and the belief ²| that the rule of the people... constitutes a natural right..., ⁴| form ³ the background of... (p. 145) - 1) первое подлежащее, 2) второе подлежащее, 3) сказуемое, 4) определение к слову "belief" (второму подлежащему), выраженное придаточным предложением (см. Грамматика: раздел "Эмфатические конструкции").

...the opinions ¹| adopted by parties... ³| are not to be identified ² with... (p. 146) - 10 подлежащее, 2) сказуемое (c модальным глаголом "are"), 3) определение к подлежащему, выраженное причастием II с зависимыми словами (см. Грамматика: раздел "Причастие и Герундий").

It is an affair [that] ¹ he may have to explain ² ... (p. 146) - 1) союз в квадратных скобках в данном случае подразумевается, но не ставится в предложении; 2) сказуемое (см. Грамматика: раздел "Модальные глаголы").

For ³ what we need in politics ¹| are individuals ² ... (p. 147) - 1) подлежащее, выраженное придаточным предложением (см. Грамматика: раздел "Эмфатические конструкции"), 2) сказуемое, 3) союз (см. Грамматика: раздел "Эмфатические конструкции").