1. Translate the following sentences. Paraphrase them (substituting words for their synonyms if possible and adjusting the phrases to that oral speech style which is more convenient for you):

1. Rule 4, through its specifications of the kinds of orders that may be given, implicitly prohibits the issuance of illegitimate, nonorganizational orders and provides grounds for the building of legitimate acceptance.

2. Whether one looks at business, recreation, charitable agencies, or other segments of society, the situation is much the same.

3. To the extent to which those who are selected for certain positions have similar past experience, character, talent, orientation, and other personal and social characteristics, they may be expected to be much alike.

4. The more relevant standards of appointment that are employed, and the higher the percentage of all standards that are relevant, the more efficiently will the bureaucracy function.

1. Answer the questions using the material of the previous text sections:

1. What happens if the boundaries of the power relationship (in a bureaucratic organization) are violated?

2. Why do organizational relationships need specific rules? Summarize the functions of the rules for foremen, cited by the author.

3. What beliefs should be prevalent, among organizational personnel to maintain its efficiency, according to Robert Kahn?

4. What standards can be used for allocating positions within organization?

5. What does it mean for the law firm to be listed in the Social Register?

6. What difference can be seen between the law degree obtained from a university like Harvard, Yale, or Columbia, on the one hand, and other universities, on the other?

7. Why, do you think, can family background sometimes be more important than competence, for getting an appointment?

1. Make your own sentences with a) the words from the Words list, b) the phrases from Exercise 1, c) the words you made in Exercise

2. Give the main idea of the text section.

Section VI.9. «Most bureaucratic positions are filled by persons..» (p.113 – p.115)

Words:

anticipatory socialization (see "socialization", ch. 6, # 1)

autonomy

alienation

limited

cynical

colleagues

weakness

multiple

calculated

insignificant

to recruit smb.

to promote smb./ smth.

to conceal smth.

Phrases:

enlisted men

to center on smth.

attempts at doing smth.

satisfaction with smth.

to be superior in smth.

to be cited in smth.

to adopt values

bureaucratic offices

to have a limited sphere of competence

to be bound by formal rules

to emphasize smth. over smth.

a personal career

accomplishment of a mission

to be under authority of smb.

to reduce tensions

to be built of smth.

to be the result of smth.

to conflict with smb./ smth.

to be alienated from smth.

to be bored with smth.

advertising agency

interference from environment

to employ rationality

to further one's own interest

to ease one's personal situation

research director

to serve one's clients/ one's employer

to exercise power over smb.

narrow tasks

repetitive tasks

to have (no) proprietory interest in smth.

modern existence

to lose one's utility

to be broadly applied

to limit use of smth. to smth.