Упражнения

1. Переведите следующие предложения:

А.

1. It has long been known that metals can pass from a metallic to an earthy form. 2. It was in 1896 that natural radioactivity was discovered. 3. It is difficult to liberate oxygen from a compound as most of its compounds are very stable. 4. In atomic studies it has become the practice to express energies in electron-volt units. 5. It is the sun that steadily sends out a great amount of radiant energy. 6. It is the steam turbine that has replaced the old reciprocating engine. 7. On a physical map one can see seas, rivers and mountains. 8. The engine stopped; it was badly damaged. 9. A few years ago they had an exhibition of the Indian art in Leningrad. 10. One can still see Magellan's ship in Spain exhibited ashore in memory of the first journey around the world. 11. The coming winter, they say, will be extremely cold. 12. One could hardly expect such a turn of circumstances.

B.

1. It was they, all the Soviet people who, by their toil and military skill, by their sweat and blood achieved the glorious victories which saved our country from enthrallment. 2. It was with the aim of promoting durable peace and general security in the world that the governments of the Russia and USA concluded the treaty. 3. One understands that the rearmament of Albania is inconsistent with European security. 4. One must not forget about the atrocities committed by the German fascists.

1. It was Lomonosov who first stated that heat phenomena is connected with the motion of molecules. 2. It is the Russian scientist Lenz who established the law of heating effect of the electric current. 3. It was Tsiolkovsky who first designed a wind-tunnel in Russia. 4. It should be noted that a nuclear power plant of 100,000 kilowatt capacity would consume daily about 200-250 grams of uranium. 5. It was formerly believed that all heavy objects fell faster than light objects. 6. One should be especially careful when working with gamma and beta rays. 7. The winter of 1999 was extremely cold, in fact it was the coldest winter for the previous 10 years. 8. The flax crop, they say, will be fine this year. 9. One can see a great number of beautiful new houses in Moscow. 10. If one wants a thing done, one should do it oneself.

II. Переведите текст, обратив внимание на безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения и способы их перевода

THE RUSTING OF METALS

It has long been known that metals can pass from a metallic to an earthy form. One must be careful not to expose unprotected iron to the open air, as under the influence of atmospheric conditions the outer layer of the iron quickly changes into a reddish crust called the rust. One can easily find that this new material is a different substance from iron. The rust is very brittle, it is much lighter, bulk for bulk, than iron and it is not attracted by a magnet.

It was early observed that, although the specific gravity of the earthy product was less than that of the metal, yet there was a much greater bulk of it, and that, in fact, the earthy material weighed more than the original specimen of the metal.

It was Lomonosov who first proved that the extra material came from the air. He placed some tin in a flask and sealed up the mouth of the vessel. The tin was heated and converted into the white powder. Upon weighing the apparatus it was found that no change in weight occurred. It turned out, however, that when the mouth of the flask was opened, a good deal of air rushed in and the total weight was then greater. A portion of the original air had joined itself with the tin to form the powder.

Eighteen years later the same experiment was made and the same conclusion drawn from it by Lavoisier. He named the gas taken from the air, oxygen.

It is possible to confirm these conclusions in various ways.

For example, when the air is pumped out of the flask before it is sealed, the metal can be heated in the vacuum indefinitely without rusting. Thus it can be seen that fundamentally rusting is the process in which metals oxidize and form compounds.

It has been estimated that more than 25 per cent of the annual production of iron in the USA is consumed in replacing other iron that has been rendered incerviceable by rusting.

It is necessary, therefore, to wage a constant battle against this chemical process and our immediate concern is how to take care of metallic devices and structures once they enter our possession.

We try to prevent or reduce rusting by various means, such as electroplating, painting or otherwise treating the metals that are susceptible to attack by the agencies of this harmful action.

Практикум

A

NONLOCALITY GETS MORE REAL. "Bell's Inequalities," the set of mathematical relations that would rule out the notion that distant quantum particles exert influences on each other at seemingly instantaneous rates, have now been violated over record large distances, with record high certainty, and with the elimination of an important loophole in three recent experiments, further solidifying the notion of "spooky action at a distance" in quantum

particles. At the Optical Society of America meeting in Baltimore earlier this month, Paul Kwiat of Los Alamos and his colleagues announced that they produced an ultrabright source of photon pairs for Bell's inequality experiments; they went on to verify the violation of Bell's inequalities to a record degree of certainty. Splitting a single photon of well-defined energy into a pair of photons with initially undefined energies, and sending each photon through a fiber-optic network to detectors 10 km apart, researchers in Switzerland showed that determining the energy for one photon by measuring it had instantaneously determined the energy of its neighbor 10 km away-a record set by the researchers last year but now demonstrated in an improved version of the original experiment. A University of Innsbruck group performed Bell measurements with detectors that randomly switched between settings rapidly enough to eliminate the "locality loophole," which posited that one detector might somehow send a signal to the other detector at light or sub-light speeds to affect its reading.

US Fears Russian Problem in Kosovo

By ROBERT BURNS

June 14, 1999

WASHINGTON (AP) - U.S. officials are concerned that confusion over Russia's role in postwar Kosovo could undermine NATO's effort to take an evenhanded approach to emptying the province of Serb troops and securing the return of ethnic Albanian refugees to their shattered villages.

NATO's plan, based on Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic's agreement to withdraw his military and allow an international force into Kosovo as peacekeepers, now must be adjusted to account for Russia's surprise decision to put troops into Kosovo without coordinating with the Western alliance.

``We have to make sure that this agreement stands, and it cannot stand if there is going to be a posture struck by the Russians that they are there to defend the Serb population against the Kosovars,'' Defense Secretary William Cohen said Sunday.

Russia has traditional ties to the Serbs, who are a minority in Kosovo. The ethnic Albanians in the province endured months of violent expulsions by Serb army troops and special police, resulting in hundreds of thousands fleeing into neighboring Macedonia and Albania, where they await NATO's signal to return.

Cohen and other Clinton administration officials said they welcome Russian participation in the peacekeeping force for Kosovo, known as KFOR, but they stressed that the Russians must not act unilaterally.

``If they are part of (KFOR), then we can manage whatever their affections or affiliations might be with the Serbs,'' Cohen said on CNN's ``Late Edition.'' He said the administration was surprised and disappointed the Russian troops entered Kosovo ahead of NATO despite an agreement not to.

Cohen and other administration officials spoke optimistically of resolving the Russia issue. They reported progress on an arrangement that would allow the Russian military to play a peacekeeping role without undermining NATO control, possibly using the Bosnia peacekeeping operation as a model.

President Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin, in an hour-long telephone conversation Sunday, agreed their generals should work out a role for the first 200 or so Russian troops that already are in Kosovo while talks continue on command arrangements for a larger Russian contingent, White House spokesman Mike Hammer said.

The lead Russian troops arrived Saturday in the Kosovo capital of Pristina ahead of alliance forces. On Sunday, the Russians blocked NATO from reinforcing British troops at the airport.

In Moscow, Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott said the United States was considering giving the Russians ``a zone of responsibility'' under NATO command. After a third day of talks Sunday, Talbott left for Washington.

An administration official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said U.S. and Russian officials had worked out a ``framework'' for agreement that would enable the Russian troops to participate in Kosovo. Details were still being negotiated.

Clinton and Yeltsin planned to talk again today.

The first of about 400 American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division crossed into Kosovo from Macedonia to join the peacekeeping operation Sunday, accompanied by tanks and Bradley armored vehicles, Pentagon officials said.

Marines entered Kosovo this morning, with the U.S. contingent eventually totaling 7,000 of the 50,000 NATO peacekeepers.

U.S. forces will patrol a section of southeastern Kosovo. Other sections will be under the control of NATO members Germany, Italy, France and Britain.

The Russians had not yet accepted NATO's basic requirement for a single command, Cohen said. But he was optimistic an arrangement would be made, perhaps similar to the one used by Russia and NATO in Bosnia. Russian troops in Bosnia are integrated with NATO forces but take orders from a Russian officer.

Vice President Al Gore told CBS Radio on Sunday "it would be a mistake to overdramatize'' the Russia problem, but he conceded that it was a "`step back'' on Russia's path to democracy.

"Russia's going through a period of change right now and as you know there are differing voices inside Moscow,'' Gore said. "Overall, they're in a pattern that is best described by the old clichИ, 'One step forward, two steps back.' Of course, when they take the one step back, that always causes concern.''

As NATO troops moved into Kosovo, Serb forces continued to leave under the terms of an agreement reached last week. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright said on NBC's "Meet the Press'' that some 11,000 Serb army and police personnel had left Kosovo - about one-fourth of the estimated 40,000 that were there last week.

All Serb forces are to be gone by next Sunday.

(Manual)

1. Download a piece of Web authoring software - 20 minutes.

2. Think about what you want to write on your Web page - 6 weeks.

3. Download the same piece of Web authoring software, because they have released 3 new versions since the first time you downloaded it - 20 minutes.

4. Decide to just steal some images and awards to put on your site - 1 minute.

5. Visit sites to find images and awards, find 5 of them that you like - 4 days.

6. Run setup of your Web authoring software. After it fails, download it again - 25 minutes.

7. Run setup again, boot the software, click all toolbar buttons to see what they do – 15 minutes.

8. View the source of others' pages, steal some, change a few words here and there - 4 hours.

9. Preview your Web page using the Web Authoring software - 1 minute.

10. Try to horizontally line up two related images - 6 hours.

11. Remove one of the images - 10 seconds.

12. Set the text's font color to the same color as your background, wonder why all your text is gone - 4 hours.

13. Download a counter from your ISP - 4 minutes.

14. Try to figure out why your counter reads "You are visitor number -16.3E10" - 3 hours.

15. Put 4 blank lines between two lines of text - 8 hours.

16. Fine-tune the text, then prepare to load your Web page on your ISP – 40 minutes.

17. Accidentally delete your complete web page - 1 second.

18. Recreate your web page - 2 days.

19. Try to figure out how to load your Web page onto your ISP's server – 3 weeks.

20. Call a patient friend to find out about FTP - 30 minutes.

21. Download FTP software - 10 minutes.

22. Call your friend again - 15 minutes.

23. Upload your web page to your ISP's server - 10 minutes.

24. Connect to your site on the web - 1 minute.

25. Repeat any and all of the previous steps - eternity.

The little boy greeted his grandmother with a hug and said, "I'm so happy to see you grandma. Now maybe daddy will do the trick he has been promising us."

The grandmother was curious. "What trick is that my dear," she asked.

The little boy replied, "I heard daddy tell mommy that he would climb thewalls if you came to visit us again."

II-4 Неличные формы глагола

Наряду с личными формами в английском языке существуют неличные формы глагола: герундий, причастие, инфинитив.

Неличные формы глагола отличаются от личных форм прежде всего тем, что они не имеют категорий лица, числа и наклонения.

Не выражая лица и числа, герундий, причастие и инфинитив не могут согласовываться с подлежащим и, следовательно, самостоятельно никогда не выступают в функции простого сказуемого.

Другой общей особенностью неличных форм является то, что категория времени у них имеет относительный характер, т.е. их временные отличия приобретают значение лишь в сопоставлении со временем личной формы (сказуемого) данного предложения.

В результате особенностей своего возникновения и исторического развития неличные формы глагола близко соприкасаются с неглагольными категориями и обнаруживают тесную связь: герундий и инфинитив - с существительным, а причастие - с прилагательным.

Рассмотрим более подробно в сравнительном плане особенности неличных форм и способы их перевода.II-4.1 Сопоставление форм с окончанием на -ing

Из числа упомянутых выше неличных форм глагола две формы герундий и причастие I имеют одинаковое окончание -ing. Это обстоятельство осложняется тем, что окончание -ing характерно и для третьей грамматической категории - отглагольного существительного.

Таким образом, к числу форм оканчивающихся на -ing относятся:

Герундий (Gerund):Voltmeters are used for measuring voltages. Вольтметры применяются для измерения напряжения.

Причастие I (Present Participle)Measuring voltage we use voltmeters. Измеряя напряжение, мы пользуемся вольтметром.

Отглагольное существительное (Verbal Noun):The measuring of voltage is effected by means of voltmeters. Измерение напряжения осуществляется при помощи вольтметра.

Такая грамматическая омонимичность ставит перед переводчиком задачу правильно установить в предложении функцию формы с окончанием -ing с тем, чтобы дать соответствующий перевод.II-4.2