C. Тексты для чтения без словаря и передачи содержания на русском языке. Sleep

The growing organism must have efficient sleep. The newborn baby whose mechanism is largely vegetative sleeps from 20 to 22 hours out of 24. From this time on the amount of sleep required gradually decreases. At 6 months the average length of sleep is from 16 to 18 hours and at 1 year from 14 to 16. From the second to the six year 12 hours at night and a daily nap or rest meet the needs.

The decrease in sleeping hours should always be made at the expense of the day sleep. At 6 months the baby usually sleeps 2 hours in the forenoon and 2 in the afternoon. The afternoon period should be over by 3 p.m. One of these periods is gradually shortened until the second year but one nap a day is taken, and this should be continued until the sixth year. Even if children of 5 or 6 no longer sleep they should be made to rest in bed alone in the room, without toys and books.

The infant and the child should sleep alone. The bed clothing must vary with the season and the weight should never be too heavy or too light. Sleeping without pillows is best and if the child is trained this way pillows are not liked or needed. Sleeping out of doors when it is not too cold is advisable if it is available; otherwise the windows should be always open. Some children require more sleep than others. Every child must have, however, a certain minimum. The bed hour should be quieting. Rough play and intense excitement at this time are apt to delay the on-coming of sleep. When the child wakes from the nap or night rest it is important to teach habits of rapid dressing, and to prevent dallying and playing until dressing is complete and the morning toilet is finished.

Pain in the head

Pain is nature’s way of telling us that the body has a problem that needs attention. In most instances we know that there is no serious cause for concern, but this does not mean that we have to put up with the associated discomfort and subsequent disruption to our daily routines. The information contained in this article has therefore been designed to prove simple advice on the most effective ways to treat the variety of aches and pains that are commonly encountered.

All of us suffer from the occasional headache and fortunately in the majority of cases they tend to be an irritation rather than a serious problem. The four most common types of headache are described below with some tips for appropriate treatment:

Tension Headaches are usually a direct result of stress, including anxiety and tiredness, and are caused by a tightening of muscles in the shoulders, neck and head. The pain is frequently described as a heavy weight pressing down on the head. It follows that if we are able to identify and avoid stressful situations we may be able to prevent these headaches occurring. If not, anything helping to relax the muscles, for example a soak in a warm bath or a massage, should help relieve the problem.

Migraines are associated with severe pain and are sometimes confused with bad headaches. However they usually affect one side of the head and sometimes an attack is preceded by an “aura” – a period of strange sensations affecting sight, hearing and sometimes the voice. Symptoms include nausea and vomiting and sufferers tend to need to lie down in the dark. Some people are able to identify certain “triggers” responsible for their migraine attacks. Often it will be a certain food, like cheese, chocolate or red wine. It is thought that the actual pain is due to alternate contraction and expansion of blood vessels in the brain, caused by the action of chemicals in the blood. If you are prone to migraines, it is advisable to consult your doctor who may be able to prescribe a medicine to help prevent attacks developing beyond the early stages.

Sinus Headaches are usually easy to recognize but can be extremely painful. They occur when our sinuses are congested, for example, during a bad cold, and are often accompanied by a feeling of pressure on either side of the nose or below the eyes. Using a decongestant spray or vaporiser to unblock the sinuses is helpful in the relief of this type of headache.

Hangovers are famous for their association with the headache. Excessive alcohol can cause low blood sugar levels and dehydration, both of which contribute to the problem. In addition some alcoholic drinks, particularly highly coloured ones like red wine, contain substances called ‘congeners’ which also cause headaches. Naturally the best way to avoid hangovers is to drink only in moderation. If not try and stick to the clearer drinks like vodka and white wine, and drink a pint or two of water before bed.