Supersymmetry. Theory, Experiment, and Cosmology

superpotential 40, 41, 44, 123, 125, 435–436

behavior under R-symmetry 197–198, 438

superspace 429–453 superstring models

phenomenological aspects of 286–308 scales 290–295

superstring theory see string theory superstring 261–262 supersymmetric actions

abelian gauge 45–47 in superspace 434–437

nonabelian gauge 48–49 pseudo-anomalous U (1) 303–304 QED 51

scalar 40, 44 supergravity 123 Wess–Zumino 12–13

supersymmetric CP problem 334–336 supersymmetric grand unification

224–253

supersymmetric Higgs 91–97, 164–169 supersymmetric models phenomenology

154–193 supersymmetric nonlinear sigma

models 438–441 supersymmetric quantum mechanics

27–31

supersymmetric SU (N c) theory with N f flavors 209–215

Nf = Nc or Nc + 1 211–213

Nf greater than Nc + 1 213–215 Nf less than Nc 209–211

supersymmetry algebra 23–25, 53–55 representations of 57–62

supersymmetry breaking 25–27, 126–131, 308–309

and parameter fine-tuning 144–147 by gaugino condensation 174–179 dynamical 195–223

flux 308

general picture of 174f

high energy vs. low energy 173–184 in presence of pseudo-anomalous U (1)

306–308

Index 519

Scherk-Schwarz mechanism 305 spontaneous (global) 25–27 spontaneous (local) 126–129 versus flavor dynamics 336

supersymmetry challenges 332–363 supersymmetry current 45, 208, 443 symmetries 364–371

symmetry breaking E6, 251–252 SO(10), 247–248 SU (5), 236–237

SU (2) × U (1), 388–389 spontaneous, see spontaneous

symmetry breaking Wilson line, 297–300

’t Hooft consistency condition 208, 212, 214

T -duality 268–269, 278–279, 280 tachyon 257–258, 259, 261 target space 256

technicolor models 12 thermal leptogenesis 329

threshold corrections 178, 234, 301, 489

time variation, of fundamental constants 315–316

top quark, and the infrared fixed point 139–142

topological gauge symmetry breaking 271–272

tracker field 358, 363

tree-level closed string, topology of 288f tree-level open string, topology of 288f triangle anomalies, Standard Model

414–415

triangulation of a compact manifold 288, 289f

triviality constraint 6–7, 10f twisted sectors 274

twisted strings 274 two-dimensional supersymmetry 83,

260, 284n

type IIA superstring 275 type IIB orientifold 275 type IIB superstring 275

520 Index

unitarity, of the S-matrix 5–6 unitarity limit 6, 255, 383

unitarity triangle 332, 333f, 396, 397f unitary gauge 380, 389

universality 138, 139, 178, 179 Universe

age of 464

evolution of 465–475

expansion of 349, 458–460, 463–464, 476

supersymmetry and the early 312–331

V-A theory 382

vacuum energy 25, 26, 126–129 vacuum energy problem 350 vacuum stability 7–8, 10f

Van der Waerden notation 419–420 vector superfield 441–445

vector supermultiplet 45–50 abelian gauge symmetry 45–46

coupling chiral supermultiplet 47–48, 49–50

nonabelian gauge symmetry 48 N = 1 59, 60

N = 2 62–64

vectors, relation of spinors with 420–421

Veltman condition 9 Veneziano amplitude 258 vertical symmetries 334

wave function renormalization 206, 207 weak isospin 386

weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) 104

direct detection 111–114

indirect detection 114–116 LSP as a 103–106

Weinberg angle 389

Weinberg no-go theorem 352–353 Wess–Zumino gauge 442 Wess–Zumino model 12–14, 16–17, 33,

37–41 121–122, 196–198, 206–207

Wess–Zumino term 296, 411 Weyl spinor 230, 419–420

chiral supermultiplets with 42–45, 47 Wigner realization 376

Wilson coe cients 159

Wilson e ective action 200–202 Wilson lines 270–272

WIMP see weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)

winding modes 268–269 Witten index 32–34 WMAP experiment

constraint on minimal supergravity 163f

temperature angular power spectrum 473f

Wolfenstein parametrization 332, 396 world-sheet 255, 256f, 260, 288

supersymmetry on 260n, 284n Z2 symmetry 275

Yang–Mills supermultiplet, decomposition of the 10-dimensional 286t

Yang–Mills theory 369–371

Yukawa couplings 14, 89, 157, 334, 391, 393, 486

in SU (5) 240–241

in SO(10) 248–249