Строительная теплофизика / 1

,L_iehh[f_g \ ihf_s_gbb

L_ieh\hc j_`bf a^Zgby

L_ieh\uf j_`bfhf a^Zgby gZau\Zxl kh\hdmighklv \k_o nZdlhjh\ b ijhp_kkh\ hij_^_eyxsbo l_ieh\mx h[klZgh\dm \ _]h ihf_s_gbyo Ihf_s_gby a^Zgbc jbk

bahebjh\Zgu hl \g_rg_c kj_^u h]jZ`^Zxsbfb dhgkljmdpbyfb HD qlh iha\hey_l kha^Zlv \ gbo hij_^_e_gguc fbdjhdebfZl

Jbk JZaebqgu_ \b^u \ha^_ckl\by gZ l_ieh\hc \ha^mrguc b \eZ`ghklguc j_`bfu ihf_s_gbc \ a^Zgbb

GZjm`gu_ h]jZ`^_gby aZsbsZxl ihf_s_gby hl Zlfhkn_jguo \ha^_ckl\bc Z ki_pbZevgu_ kbkl_fu dhg^bpbhgbjh\Zgby hlhie_gby±hoeZ`^_gby \_glbeypbb ih^^_j`b\Zxl hij_^_e_ggu_ aZ^Zggu_ iZjZf_lju \gmlj_gg_c kj_^u

Kh\hdmighklv \k_o bg`_g_jguo kj_^kl\ b mkljhckl\ h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo aZ^Zggu_ mkeh\by fbdjhdebfZlZ \ ihf_s_gbb a^Zgby HD khegp_aZsblgu_ mkljhckl\Z ^jm]b_ dhgkljmdlb\gh ieZgbjh\hqgu_ kj_^kl\Z Z lZd`_ kbkl_fu hlhie_gby hoeZ`^_gby \_glbeypbb gZau\Zxl kbkl_fhc dhg^bpbhgbjh\Zgby fbdjhdebfZlZ KDF

Ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ∆ W = WgZj − W\gmlj kheg_qghc jZ^bZpbb b \_ljZ ihf_s_gby l_jyxl l_ieh q_j_a h]jZ`^Zxsb_ dhgkljmdpbb HD abfhc b gZ]j_\Zxlky e_lhf

=jZ\blZpbhggu_ kbeu ^_ckl\b_ \_ljZ b \_glbeypbb kha^Zxl i_j_iZ^u ^Z\e_gby ∆ 3 ijb\h^ysb_ d i_j_l_dZgbx \ha^moZ f_`^m khh[sZxsbfbky ihf_s_gbyfb b d _]h nbevljZpbb q_j_a ihju fZl_jbZeZ b g_iehlghklb HD :lfhkn_jgu_ hkZ^db \eZ]h\u^_e_gby \ ihf_s_gbyo jZaghklv \eZ`ghklb \gmlj_gg_]h b gZjm`gh]h \ha^moZ ijb\h^yl d \eZ]hh[f_gm q_j_a HD ih^ \ebygb_f dhlhjh]h \hafh`gh m\eZ`g_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\ b mom^r_gb_ aZsblguo k\hckl\ b ^he]h\_qghklb gZjm`guo kl_g b ihdjulbc Ijhp_kku nhjfbjmxsb_ l_ieh\mx h[klZgh\dm ihf_s_gbc g_h[oh^bfh jZkkfZljb\Zlv \ g_jZaju\ghc k\yab f_`^m kh[hc lZd dZd bo \aZbfgh_ \ebygb_ fh`_l hdZaZlvky kms_kl\_gguf GZijbf_j nbevljZpbb \ha^moZ b m\eZ`g_gby HD fh]ml \ g_kdhevdh jZa m\_ebqblv l_iehihl_jb ihf_s_gby abfhc < lh`_ \j_fy kha^Zgb_ [eZ]hijbylghc \ha^mrghc kj_^u \ ihf_s_gbb lj_[m_l hj]ZgbaZpbb _]h \ha^mohh[f_gZ b \eZ]hh[f_gZ k gZjm`ghc kj_^hc

L_iehh[f_g \ ihf_s_gbb

Ijb wdkiemZlZpbb a^Zgbc hij_^_eyxsbf nZdlhjhf y\ey_lky l_ieh\hc j_`bf ihf_s_gbc hl dhlhjh]h aZ\bkbl hsms_gb_ l_ieh\h]h dhfnhjlZ ex^_c ghjfZevgh_ ijhl_dZgb_ ijhba\h^kl\_gguo ijhp_kkh\ khklhygb_ b ^he]h\_qghklv dhgkljmdpbb a^Zgby b _]h h[hjm^h\Zgby L_ieh\Zy h[klZgh\dZ \ ihf_s_gbb hij_^_ey_lky kh\f_klguf ^_ckl\b_f jy^Z nZdlhjh\ l_fi_jZlmju ih^\b`ghklb b \eZ`ghklb \ha^moZ ihf_s_gbc gZebqb_f kljmcguo l_q_gbc jZkij_^_e_gb_f iZjZf_ljh\ \ha^moZ \ ieZg_ b ih \ukhl_ ihf_s_gbc Z lZd`_ jZ^bZpbhgguf baemq_gb_f hdjm`Zxsbo ih\_joghkl_c aZ\bkysbo hl bo l_fi_jZlmju ]_hf_ljbb b jZ^bZpbhgguo k\hckl\ Ih^ ^_ckl\b_f dhg\_dlb\gh]h b emqbklh]h l_iehh[f_gZ b ijhp_kkh\ fZkkhh[f_gZ W \ha^moZ b W ih\_joghkl_c \ ihf_s_gbb±wlb ijhp_kku \aZbfhk\yaZgu b hdZau\Zxl \ha^_ckl\b_ ^jm] gZ ^jm]Z >ey bamq_gby nhjfbjh\Zgby fbdjhdebfZlZ _]h ^bgZfbdb b kihkh[ghklb \aZbfh^_ckl\h\Zlv gZ g_]h gm`gh agZlv aZdhgu l_iehh[f_gZ \ ihf_s_gbb H[sZy ko_fZ l_iehh[f_gZ \ ihf_s_gbb ijb\_^_gZ gZ jbk

L_iehh[f_g \ ihf_s_gbb \ h[s_f \b^_ fh`_l [ulv hibkZg ke_^mxs_c nhjfmehc

EL + .L + 7L = FRQVW

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Jbk H[sZy ko_fZ l_iehh[f_gZ \ ihf_s_gbb Ijbgylu_ h[hagZq_gby

\ha^mo hkgh\gh]h h[t_fZ ihf_s_gby

ih\_joghklb h[jZs_ggu_ \ ihf_s_gb_

kljmb \ha^moZ

\g_rgyy kj_^Z

dhg\_dlb\guc l_iehh[f_g

emqbkluc l_iehh[f_g

kljmcguc l_iehh[f_g

l_iehh[f_g l_iehijh\h^ghklvx ,gZjm`gh_ h]jZ`^_gb_ HD

,,iZg_ev hlhibl_evgu_ ijb[hju kbkl_fu hlhie_gby

,,,g_bahl_jfbq_kdZy kljmy ijblhqgh]h \ha^moZ

‹ KlZpbhgZjgZy l_iehi_j_^ZqZ q_j_a h]jZ`^_gby

Ijhp_kk i_j_^Zqb l_ieZ q_j_a HD \k_ iZjZf_lju dhlhjhc hklZxlky ihklhyggufb \h \j_f_gb gZau\Zxl klZpbhgZjguf b hg y\ey_lky gZb[he__ ijhkluf kemqZ_f l_iehi_j_^Zqb

D klZpbhgZjghc l_iehi_j_^Zq_ h[uqgh klj_fylky ijb\_klb \Z`gu_ ^ey ijh_dlbjh\Zgby HD b kbkl_f jZkq_lgu_ mkeh\by

H^ghf_jgh_ l_fi_jZlmjgh_ ihe_

Ijhkl_crbf y\ey_lky h^ghf_jgh_ klZpbhgZjgh_ ihe_ dhlhjh_ ^ey fgh]hkehcghc HD fh`_l [ulv hij_^_e_gh ^bnn_j_gpbZevguf mjZ\g_gb_f

]^_ λ [ ±l_iehijh\h^ghklv fZl_jbZevguo keh_\ HD

?keb ebg_cguc fZkrlZ[ k_q_gby HD aZf_gblv fZkrlZ[hf l_jfbq_kdh]h khijhlb\e_gby 5 = λ[ lh mjZ\g_gb_ fh`gh aZibkZlv \ \b^_

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Jbk OZjZdl_jgu_ lbiu kh\j_f_gguo dhgkljmdpbc gZjm`guo h]jZ`^_gbc a^Zgbc

Z±h^ghkehcgZy d_jZfablh[_lhggZy iZg_ev k \gmlj_ggbfb b \g_rgbfb nZdlmjgufb kehyfb [±^\mokehcgZy iZg_ev [_lhg wnn_dlb\guc l_iehbaheypbhgguc fZl_jbZe kgZjm`b b nZdlmjguc kehc \gmljb

\±lj_okehcgZy iZg_ev

]±lj_okehcgZy iZg_ev k \ha^mrgufb ijhkehcdZfb < h[s_f kemqZ_ HD khklhbl ba dhgkljmdpbhggh]h g_kms_]h kehy l_iehbaheypbhggh]h kehy Z lZd`_ iZjh beb ]b^jhbaheypbb \gmlj_gg_]h b \g_rg_]h nZdlmjguo keh_\

< hlghr_gbb j_`bfZ l_iehi_j_^Zqb hkgh\gufb y\eyxlky dhgkljmdlb\gu_ b l_iehbaheypbhggu_ kehb

L_iehbaheypbhgguc kehc fh`_l [ulv jZkiheh`_g k \gmlj_gg_c b \g_rg_c klhjhgu HD jbk

Jbk Djb\Zy jZkij_^_e_gby W mijm]hklb H b fZdkbfZevghc mijm]hklb ? \h^ygh]h iZjZ ih lhesbg_ ^\mokehcghc HD ijb jZkiheh`_gbb l_iehbaheypbhggh]h kehy \gmljb Z b kgZjm`b [

AZrljboh\ZggZy iehsZ^v jbk [ ihdZau\Z_l mkeh\b_ b ahgm \hafh`ghc dhg^_gkZpbb \eZ]b \ HD

, ±dhgkljmdlb\guc kehc ,, ±l_iehbaheypbhgguc kehc

< wlhf kemqZ_ Z ijb ijhqbo jh\guo mkeh\byo bf_xlky ke_^mxsb_ ^hklhbgkl\Z

hlkmlkl\b_ \hafh`ghklb \uiZ^_gby dhg^_gkZlZ b gZdhie_gby `b^dhklb \ lhes_ HD Z ihwlhfm g_ lj_[m_lky ^hihegbl_evgZy iZjhbaheypby k \gmlj_gg_c ih\_joghklb HD

klud f_`^m kehyfb gZoh^blky ijb iheh`bl_evguo W qlh bkdexqZ_l i_jbh^bq_kdh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ \ g_f ev^Z gZjmrZxs_]h dhglZdl f_`^m kehyfb

HD [he__ mklhcqb\Z dZd d kd\haghfm aZlmoZgbx dhe_[Zgbc Wg lZd b d dhe_[Zgbyf

l_iehihklmie_gbc \ ihf_s_gb_

Bgh]^Z [he__ \u]h^gufb hdZau\Zxlky HD k \gmlj_ggbf jZkiheh`_gb_f l_iehbaheypbb jbk Z k ^hihegbl_evguf iZjhbaheypbhgguf keh_f gZ __ \gmlj_gg_c ih\_joghklb

>\mof_jgh_ l_fi_jZlmjgh_ ihe_

< j_Zevguo dhgkljmdpbyo gZjm`guo HD hkh[_ggh \ khlh\uo iZg_eyo kh\j_f_gguo a^Zgbc nZdlbq_kdb g_evay \u^_eblv iehsZ^v \ ij_^_eZo dhlhjhc h[_ki_qb\ZeZkv [u h^ghf_jghklv l_fi_jZlmjgh]h kehy GZebqb_ \ HD \dexq_gbc \ \b^_ j_[_j h[jZfe_gbc hdhgguo ijh_fh\ \gmlj_ggbo b \g_rgbo \uklmiZxsbo qZkl_c ijbfudZgbc ijb\h^bl d h[jZah\Zgbx \ gbo keh`guo ^\mo b lj_of_jguo l_fi_jZlmjguo ihe_c jbk

>\mof_jgh_ l_fi_jZlmjgh_ ihe_ jZkkfhlj_gb_ dhlhjh]h qZklh hdZau\Z_lky ^hklZlhqguf ijb j_r_gbb aZ^Zq kljhbl_evghc l_iehl_ogbdb hibku\Z_lky ^bnn_j_gpbZevguf mjZ\g_gb_f

=^_ λ [ \ ±aZ^Zggu_ agZq_gby l_iehijh\h^ghklb hij_^_e_gguo qZkl_c ^\mof_jgh]h k_q_gby HD

Jbk We_f_glu nhjfbjh\Zgby ^\mof_jguo b lj_of_jguo

l_fi_jZlmjguo ihe_c \ gZjm`guo HD a^Zgbc

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>ey [hevrbgkl\Z ijZdlbq_kdbo aZ^Zq dh]^Z gZjy^m k ^\mof_jghklvx l_fi_jZlmjgh]h ihey ijboh^blky mqblu\Zlv _]h g_h^ghjh^ghklv ZgZeblbq_kdb_ f_lh^u g_ fh]ml [ulv bkihevah\Zgu

< wlhf kemqZ_ ijbf_gyxl qbke_ggu_ f_lh^u dhlhju_ ^hklZlhqgh lhqgu b ijhklu ^ey jZkq_lZ

Ihkljh_gb_ ^\mof_jguo l_fi_jZlmjguo ihe_c f_lh^hf k_lhd b ]jZnbq_kdbf f_lh^hf NZdlhj nhjfu

JZkkfhljbf ^\Z f_lh^Z djZldh dhlhju_ fh]ml [ulv kjZ\gbl_evgh ijhklh bkihevah\Zgu \ bg`_g_jghc ijZdlbd_ ^ey jZkq_lZ ^\mof_jguo HD

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Jbk JZa[b\dZ ^\mof_jgh]h l_fi_jZlmjgh]h ihey gZ we_f_glZjgu_ iehsZ^db Z b i_j_oh^ hl ihey d k_ld_ k khkj_^hlhq_ggufb iZjZf_ljZfb

MjZ\g_gb_ klZpbhgZjghc l_iehijh\h^ghklb ^ey lZdhc k_ldb \ dhg_qguo jZaghklyo bf__l \b^

J_r_gb_ mjZ\g_gby hlghkbl_evgh l_fi_jZlmju \ ijhba\hevghf mae_ k_ldbjbk W _keb rZ] k_ldb \ gZijZ\e_gbb [ ¨[ b \ ¨\ h^bgZdh\ fh`_l [ulv ihemq_gh \ \b^_

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=jZnbq_kdbc f_lh^ F_lh^ ]jZnbq_kdh]h ijb[eb`_ggh]h ihkljh_gby klZpbhgZjgh]h ^\mof_jgh]h l_fi_jZlmjgh]h W ihey m^h[_g ^ey ihemq_gby kjZ\gbl_evgh [ukljh]h hjb_glbjh\hqgh]h ij_^klZ\e_gby h keh`ghf l_fi_jZlmjghf ihe_ Wlhl f_lh^ hkgh\Zg gZ ihkljh_gbb hjlh]hgZevghc k_ldb djb\hebg_cguo d\Z^jZlh\ h[jZah\Zgguo ebgbyfb lhdh\ l_ieZ b bahl_jfZfb Jbkmxlky ebgbb lhdh\ l_ieZ b bahl_jfu \ \b^_ hjlh]hgZevghc k_ldb djb\hebg_cguo d\Z^jZlh\ jbk lh _klv lZdhc k_ldb ebgbb dhlhjhc hjlh]hgZevgu lh _klv \ lhqdZo i_j_k_q_gby h[jZamxl ijyfu_ m]eu b \ dhlhjhc \ ij_^_eZo dZ`^h]h d\Z^jZlZ kj_^g__ jZkklhygb_ f_`^m bahl_jfZfb jZ\gh kj_^g_fm jZkklhygbx f_`^m ebgbyfb lhdZ

Jbk k_ldZ hjlh]hgZevguo djb\hebg_cguo d\Z^jZlh\

JZkklhygb_ f_`^m ebgbyfb lhdZ jZ\gh ∆ H ≈ ∆ H < lZdhc k_ld_ ihlhd l_ieZ \ ljm[d_ h[jZah\Zgghc ^\mfy ebgbyfb lhdZ jZ\_g

]^_ ¨W±i_j_iZ^ l_fi_jZlmj f_`^m khk_^gbfb bahl_jfZfb

¨W 2 2

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4 = ; λ τ −τ

6

Z khijhlb\e_gb_ l_iehijh\h^ghklb wlhc qZklb

57 = 6 ; λ

NZdlhj nhjfu

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>ey h^ghf_jgh]h ihey kl_gdb k rbjbghc ih\_joghklb \ h^bg dZeb[j dZeb[j jZ\_g lhesbg_ / kl_gdb ;6 Z rbjbghc kl_gdb \ dZeb[jZ jZ\ghc b l ^

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AZ h^bg dZeb[j j_Zevguo HD ijbgbfZxl mkeh\gmx lhesbgm h^ghjh^ghc HD k khijhlb\e_gb_f l_iehijh\h^ghklb 5 b dhwnnbpb_glhf l_iehijh\h^ghklb fZl_jbZeZ

rbjbghc \ dZeb[jZ

Z I = λ 5

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I = ;6

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NZdlhj nhjfu ihdZau\Z_l \h kdhevdh jZa [hevr_ ijh\h^bfhklv l_ieZ ^\mof_jguf we_f_glhf ih kjZ\g_gbx k h^ghf_jguf

Beb ijb h^bgZdh\hc ∆ W b ijhqbo mkeh\byo hg ihdZau\Z_l \h kdhevdh jZa [hevr_ l_jy_lky l_ieZ q_j_a ^\mof_jgu_ we_f_glu HD ih kjZ\g_gbx k l_iehihl_jyfb q_j_a ]eZ^dmx ih\_joghklv HD