TELECOMMUNICATION

Etymology The word telecommunication was adapted from the French word télécommunication. It is a combination of the Greek prefix tele- , meaning "far off", and the Latin communicare, meaning "to share". The French word télécommunication was created in 1904 by the French engineer and novelist Édouard Estaunié.

Telecommunications include the telegraph and telephone, radio and television, computer networks and the Internet.

Basic elements

A basic telecommunication system consists of three general units. They are always present in some form:

• A transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal.

• A transmission medium, the "physical channel", that carries the signal.

• A receiver that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into information.

Sometimes, telecommunication systems are "duplex" (two-way systems) with a single box of electronics. 

It works as a transmitter and a receiver, or a transceiver. For example, a cellular telephone is a transceiver.

Telecommunication over telephone lines is called point-to-point communication because it is between one transmitter and one receiver. Telecommunication between one powerful transmitter and numerous low-power but sensitive radio receivers is called broadcast communication .

Telecommunication in which multiple transmitters and multiple receivers cooperate and share the same physical channel is called multiplex system.

A communications network is a collection of transmitters, receivers, and communications channels that send messages to one another.

Communications signals can be analog signals or digital signals. There are analog communication systems and digital communication systems. As for analog signals, they are varied continuously according to the information. As for digital signals, the information is encoded as a set of ones and zeros.

The system of dividing the medium into channels according to frequency is called "frequency-division multiplexing" (FDM).

The system of dividing the medium into channels according to time is called "time-division multiplexing" (TDM).

Some radio communication systems use TDM within a FDM channel. Hence, these systems use a hybrid of TDM and FDM.

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Youth problems

All people have problems because there are a lot of good and bad things in our life. I think our life like a zebra, with black and white stripes. Young people face many problems:

• The problems with parents

• The problems of good education

• The problems of unemployment

• The problems of friendship

• The problems of love, and so on.

Young people don’t want to take the standards of their parents. Parents and their children have different tastes in music, films, books. It may be a reason for the generation gap. I don’t have such problems with my parents. They always understand and help me.

I think the most important problem is to get a good education. It will allow to find a well-paid job. If a young person graduates from the University and knows one –two foreign languages there is a chance to have a good job.

The next important problem is friendship. A person can and should have many friends. But at the same time there can be only one or two true friends.

The problem of love is a key problem for the young as well.

Indeed, we have many problems but we are to solve them in a proper way.

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Kazan National Research Technical University named after a.N. Tupolev

was established in 1932. The history of the university is based on the progress of Russian aeronautics. Until the recent time, it was well known as Kazan Aviation Institute. In 1973, the Institute was named after Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev, the prominent aircraft designer. In 1992, it got the status of the State Technical University.

Today the University is one of the leading Russian institutions in aircraft engineering, engine and instrument production, computer science and radio and telecommunications engineering.

Kazan Technical University teaches about 25,000 students on 65 subjects in Engineering, Business and Humanitarian Sciences by the administration staff of 1,800 persons. Many outstanding scientists were the founders of technical science here in Kazan. They were: Korolev, Tchetaev, Glushko, Keldysh, Kurtchatov.

Now the University includes the following institutes and faculties:

• Institute of Aviation, Land Vehicles & Energetics

• Automation & Electronic Instrument-Making Faculty

• Technical Cybernetics & Informatics Faculty

• Institute of Radio-Engineering & Telecommunications

• Institute of Engineering & Economics

• Institute of Social Technologies

• Physics & Mathematics Faculty

• Economic Theory & Law Faculty

• Psychology & Personnel Management Faculty

The University houses 7 buildings. It has 6 student dormitories and a hostel. A sport complex includes 5 well-equipped indoor sports halls and a comfortable swimming pool.

Cities: Moscow, Kazan, London

Once Nikolay Karamzin said: “If you want to know Russia go to Moscow”. I want to change his phrase : “If you want to know (Great Britain, Tatarstan) go to (London, Kazan)”. Many visitors come to (Moscow, Kazan, London) every year. Some come on business, some as tourists. They have got a good opportunity to see the capital of …..

(Moscow, Kazan, London) is grand and attractive. It is very old and full of historic associations. It is a strange mixture of past and present. The city is famous for its places of interest.