Sequence of Tenses (Backshift)

Правило согласования времён применяется, когда главное предложение относится к прошедшему времени. В таком случае придаточное предложение может стоять только в одном из прошедших времён, независимо от того, каким временем оно переводится на русский язык.

Придаточное предложение на русский переводится	Означает действие по отношению к главному предложению	Время придаточного английского предложения	Пример
обычно настоящим	одновременное	Past Simple / Past Cont	He told that he was going home. Он сказал, что идёт домой.
прошедшим	предшествующее	Past Perfect / Past Perf Cont	He told that he had gone home. Он сказал, что пошёл домой.
будущим	будущее	Future in the Past	He told that hе would go home. Он сказал, что пойдёт домой.

Indirrect Speach

При передаче косвенной речи действует правило согласования времён.

The director said that he was pleased with the work.

При передаче вопросов порядок слов является прямым.

Mary asked how she could get the airport.

Передача общих вопросов осуществляется при помощи союзов if и whether.

The teacher wondered if we knew the task.

№ 1 Переведите на русский язык, обра­щая внимание на употребление времен в рус­ском и английском языках. 1. I knew that you were ill. 2. I knew that you had been ill. 3. We found that she left home at eight o'clock every morning. 4. We found that she had left home at eight o'clock that morning. 5. When he learnt that his son always received excellent marks in all the subjects at school, ho was very pleased. 6. When he learnt that his son had received an excellent mark at school, he was very pleased. 7. We did not know where our friends went every evening. 8. We did not know where our friends had gone. 9. She said that her best friend was a doctor. 10. She said that her best friend had been a doctor. 11. I didn't know that you worked at the Hermitage. 12. I didn't know that you had worked at the Hermitage.

№ 2 Раскройте скобки, выбирая требую­щееся время глагола. 1. Не said he (is staying, was staying) at the "Ritz" Hotel. 2. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark. 3. He asked me where I (study, studied). 4. I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 5 He says he (works, worked) at school two years ago. 6. Victor said he (is, was) very busy. 8. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sit­ting-room. 9. He said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 10. I was sure he (posted, had posted) the letter. 11. I think the weather (will be, would be) fine next week. I hope it (will not change, would not change) for the worse. 12. I knew that he (is, was) a very clever man. 13.1 want to know what he (has bought, had bought) for her birthday. 14. I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen, had seen) at the museum.

№ 3 Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в требующемся времени. 1. Не said he (to leave) tomorrow morning. 2. She says she already (to find) the book. 3. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (to be) wrong. 4. I asked my neighbour if he ever (to travel) by air before. 5. The policeman asked George where he (to run) so early. 6. The delegates were told that the guide just (to go) out and (to be) back in ten minutes. 7. I knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry. 8. I didn't know that you already (to wind) up the clock. 9. I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able to unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her. 10. He says that he (to know) the laws of the country. 11. Sarie understood why Lanny (not to come) the previous evening. 12. She asked me whether I (to remember) the legend about a faithful lion. 13. He understood that the soldiers (to arrest) him. 14. He could not understand why people (not to want) to take water from that well.

№ 4 Переведите, со­блюдая правило согласования времен. 1. Мы вчера узнали, что она больна. 2. Он ду­мал, что она не придет в школу. 3. Я знал, что моя сестра изучает французский язык, и думал, что она поедет в Париж. 4. Мне сказали, что ты мне звонил. 5. Я думал, что ты в Москве. 6. Я не знал, что ты уже вернулся в Петербург. 7. Я боялся, что заблужусь в лесу. 8. Она знала, что мы никогда не видели ее картины. 9. Ученый был уверен, что найдет решение проблемы. 10. Я знал, что ты приехал в Петербург, и пола­гал, что ты навестишь меня. 11. Мы не думали, что он так рассердится. 12. Мы надеялись, что поедем в Лондон.

№ 5 Переведите 1. Я знаю, что он скоро придет. 2. Я знал, что он скоро придет. 3. Я думаю, что она будет спать в это время. 4. Я думал, что она будет спать в это время. 5. Она думает, что сделает всю работу к пяти часам. 6. Она думала, что сделает всю работу к пяти часам. 7. Она боялась, что ее друг не придет. 8. Они написали, что скоро приедут. 9. Я был уверен, что встречу его на станции. 10. Я думаю, что папа скоро напишет нам пись­мо, 11. Вам сказали, что в декабре мы будем пи­сать контрольную работу? 12. Он понял, что ни­когда ее не забудет. 13. Я полагаю, что они вспомнят о нас. 14. Он говорит, что знает этого человека.

№ 6 Передайте следующие общие воп­росы в косвенной речи, начиная каждое предло­жение со слов, данных в скобках. 1. Have you found the book? (She asked me...) 2. Are there any more books here? (The man asked...) 3. Did she go shopping yesterday (I want­ed to know...) 4. Has she bought the dictionary? (He did not ask her.,.) 5. Does she know the name of the man? (I doubted...) 6. Did Boris see the man this morning? (I asked...) 7. Have they sold the picture? (I did not know...) 8. Do they know any­thing about it? (I wondered..,) 9. Has Jack given you his telephone number? (She asked me...) 10. Is he coming back today? (I was not sure...)

Gerund

Неличная форма глагола, называет действие, обладает свойствами существительного и инфинитива

	Active	Passive
Simple	Reading is useful I like reading The computer needs reloading	We insisted on being informed
Perfect	I remember having done it	I remember having been shown the letter

При выборе инфинитив/герундий после предлогов употребляется герундий.

Характерно употебление после глаголов с предлогaми accuse of, approve of, suspect of, hear of, think of, be afraid of, be fond of, depend on, insist on, object to.

№ 1 Tiger Hunting

A man who had traveled in Bengal was asked if he liked tiger hunting. “Well!” said the man, “I cer­tainly enjoyed hunting tigers, but I must confess I hated being hunted by a tiger.”

№ 2 Use the Active or the Passive Gerund

5) Do you mind him (to examine) by a heart specialist? 6) He showed no sign of (to recognize) me. 7) She showed no sign of (to surprise). 8) He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people's business. 9) I was ang­ry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 10) She was always ready for (to help) people. 11) He was very glad of (to help) in his difficulty. 12) On (to allow) to leave the room the children immediately ran out into the yard and began (to play). 13) In (to make) this experiment they came across some very interesting phenomena. 14) The results of the experiment must be checked and re-checked before to publish). 15) David was tired of (to scold) all he time. 16. The watch requires (to repair). 17) The problem is not worth (to discuss).

№ 3 Translate using Gerund

1) Он сказал, что никогда там не был

2) Скажите нам, если вы поедете за город

3) Интересно, нам разрешили это путешествие?

4) Мне нужно починить телефон

5) Наконец он прервал молчание, пригласив всех в гостиную

6) Подозреваю, что вы меня обманываете

7) Спасибо, что помогли

8) Надеюсь, скоро увидимся

9) Его обвинили не только в краже, но и в ограблении

10) Вы не возражаете, если я открою окно?

№ 4 1) They accuse him --- having robbed the house. 2) He never agreed --- their going on that danger­ous voyage. 3) He did not approve --- her drinking so much coffee. 4) The teacher of mathematics did not approve --- his pupils dreaming. 5) All the hap­piness of my life depends --- your loving me. 6) I don't feel --- seeing him. 7) 1 insist --- being told the truth. 8) I object --- his borrowing money from you. 9) I stretched out my hand to prevent her --- falling. 10) My friend succeeded --- translat­ing this difficult text. 11) She suspected him --- deceiving her. 12) The poor peasant thanked Rob­in Hood heartily --- having helped him. 13) He gave up the idea of ever hearing --- her. 14) We are looking --- --- seeing you again. 15) She always complains --- feeling unwell. 16) He per­sisted --- trying to solve that difficult problem. 17) The cold weather prevented the girls --- go­ing for long walks. 18) Jane thought --- leaving Lowood after Miss Temple's marriage.

№ 5 Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 3. The child insisted on (to send) home at once. 4. Do you mind his (to examine) by a heart specialist? 5. He showed no sign of (to recognize) me. 6. She showed no sign of (to surprise). 7. He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people's business. 8. I was ang­ry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 9. The results of the experiment must be checked and re-checked before (to publish). 10. David was tired of (to scold) all the time. 11. The watch requires (to repair). 12. The film isn’t worth (to see).

III – Conversation