Recommended Readings

• Goldberg, P and Macphail, R. with Matthews, W. 2005. Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology

• Mitchell, P.D., Millard, A.R. 2009. Migration to the medieval Middle East with the Crusades. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140(3): 518-25.

• Mitchell, P.D., Stern, E., Tepper, Y. 2008. Dysentery in the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem: an ELISA analysis of two medieval latrines in the city of Acre (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science 35(7): 1849-53.

• O’Connor, T and Evans, JG. 2005. Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practise

• Pollard, M., Batt, CN, Stern, B and Young, SMM. 2007. Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology.

Session 5: The Archaeology of Crusading and Cultural Transformation in Prussia, Livonia and Lithuania

(Aleks Pluskowski)

Crusading in the Eastern Baltic in the 13^th and 14^th centuries targeted pagan tribal societies with the aim of protecting Christian converts. However, sustained military campaigns resulted in the establishment of Christian states in Prussia and Livonia, dominated by the Teutonic Order, bishops and in north Estonia, the Danish crown. Here the Crusades are associated with the introduction of Christianity, urban centres and a process of extensive colonisation in Prussian tribal lands. Lithuania resisted almost a century of crusading campaigns, retaining its independence and its pre-Christian religion throughout this period, although its communities were influenced by events in neighbouring regions. Whilst the details of these events are traditionally based on written sources, the incorporation of the Eastern Baltic into Christendom has left some striking monuments and a range of physical traces in the landscape. Archaeology is increasingly contributing to our understanding of the impact of crusading institutions on processes of cultural transformation in the Eastern Baltic.

Recommended Readings

• Kala, T. 2001. The incorporation of the northern Baltic lands into the Western Christian world. In A. Murray (ed.) Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150-1500 (also has other relevant papers).

• Mugurēvičs, Ē. 1990. Interactions between indigenous and western culture in Livonia in the 13th to 16th centuries. In D. Austin and L. Alcock (eds.) From the Baltic to the Black Sea.

• Nowakowski, P. A. and Kajzer, L. 2001. Remarks on the architecture of the Teutonic Order's castles in Prussia. In Z. Hunyadi. and J. Laszlovszky (eds.) The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity.

• Valk, h. 2004. Christian and non-Christian holy sites in medieval Estonia. In j. Staecker (ed.) The European Frontier: Clashes and Compromises in the Middle Ages.

Session 6: Clash of Cultures? The Archaeology of the Spanish Reconquista

(Aleks Pluskowski)

This final session considers the material traces associated with the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula, a protracted holy war which lasted throughout the Middle Ages and was only completed in 1492 with the fall of the Emirate of Granada. The procurement of territory was quite rapid in the 12^th and 13^th centuries, resulting in a multi-cultural society under Christian sovereignty. The reorganisation of Iberian society under Christian kings is predominantly known from later written sources, but archaeologists are also demonstrating a spectrum of cultural interactions, from complete transformation to adaptation and hybridity. This session will consider the extent to which life in towns and the countryside transformed as a result of the Reconquest, and how Islamic culture was integrated into Christian society, drawing on a range of archaeological evidence from religious buildings and fortifications through to ceramics and animal bones.