методички / 4031 ЭИ

Упр. 9. Перепишите следующие предложения. Если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, напишите «True», если не соответствует – «False». Исправьте неверные утверждения.

1.Man's three greatest inventions are said to be fire, the heel and money.

2.Robinson Crusoe needed money because he had to acquire food, clothing and shelter.

3.Money is vital in an organized economy.

4.Money is generally accepted and used in payment for goods and services.

5.People borrow or lend money for future repayment without interest.

6.Money can be spent so that it can saved be in the future.

7.In a market economy, coins and paper currency are used as money.

Упр. 10. Перепишите следующие альтернативные вопросы к тексту и дайте на них полные ответы.

1.Is money gold or paper currency?

2.Is the swapping of one goods for others called trade or barter?

3.Is it more convenient to exchange labour and goods for money or to find the person who has what is wanted?

4.Does money have two or four functions?

5.May money be described as a social benefit or a social convention?

6.Will the members of a modern society accept cattle or paper currency as money?

7.Do credit cards or coins serve as instruments through which money is transferred or borrowed?

В А Р И А Н Т 2

Упр. 1. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. В каждом предложении подчеркните причастия (Participle I) и укажите их синтаксическую функцию (часть сказуемого, определение или обстоятельство).

affecting – определение

1.According to statistics, the number of working women having small children is constantly growing in the USA nowadays.

2.Thousands of Americans have lost millions of dollars, participating in pyramid schemes.

3.Having studied the balance sheet, the auditor concluded that the firm is in serious financial difficulties.

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4.Withdrawing cash from their accounts by means of an ATM, bank customers receive a receipt showing the transaction amount and the account balance.

5.The Central Bank can depress the level of interest rates, thus increasing the quantity of money in circulation.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски причастиями (Participle I Simple or Participle I Perfect), образованными от глаголов, данных в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Shares are documents ___ what part of the company's capital belongs to their owner.

2.New technologies allow people ___ bank accounts to pay for their purchases on-line.

3.___ an old brewery on the Volga River, Wimm Bill Dann Co. invested $US1 million in its upgrading.

4.Most people buy the gold coins as an investment, ___ that the coins will raise in value.

5.Macroeconomics is the branch of economics ___ interrelationship among sectors of economy.

Упр. 2. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. В каждом предложении подчеркните причастия (Participle II) и укажите их синтаксическую функцию (часть сказуемого, определение или обстоятельство).

checked – обстоятельство

1.Automated teller machines developed in the 1970s are now widely used by bank customers for withdrawing cash from their accounts.

2.A friendship founded on business is better than a business founded on friendship. (John Rockefeller)

3.If introduced by the government, protective tariffs will lead to conflicts in foreign trade.

4.Payroll is a list of people working at the enterprise and the amount of money received by them as wages.

5.The whole community usually benefits from the increased economic activity.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски причастиями (Participle II), образованными от глаголов, данных в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.A national income is the total amount of money ___ in a country.

2.When ___ in a temporary job, workers are paid a lower wage.

3.The share of the state budget ___ to health service and social services may be increased next year.

4.The money ___ from the bank is called a loan.

5.The paper in modern banknotes is worth much less than the amount ___ on it.

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Упр. 3. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в форму Participle I или Participle II. Фразы перепишите и переведите.

1.discounts (offer) for regular customers and large orders

2.customers (buy) durable goods on credit

3.the (grow) demand for foodstuffs

4.goods (pay) by the buyer

5.money (earn) by leasing flats and houses

6.the accountant (prepare) the financial statement

7.the contract (sign) by both partners

Упр. 4. Выберите подходящую по смыслу форму причастия. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1. Before money was invented, people used a system ___ bartering.

2. Labor force is a part of population ___ in production.

3. ___ the would-be costs, we decided to modernize the equipment.

4. The report ___ by a new accountant is perfectly correct.

5. ___ to attract customers, retailers reduce prices for goods for a definite time period or distribute free samples.

6. Heavy customs duties ___ by the government resulted in increasing prices for imported goods.

7. Advertising helps consumers to choose among ___ products.

8. ___ the work process, the producer was able to increase productivity.

9. In the US, the first coins ___ in 1652 were called New England shillings.

10. The American blue-collar workers ___ from $10 to $12 an hour are among the highest

___ in the world.

Упр. 5. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на способы перевода герундия.

1.Investing in real estate is one of the best ways of assuring your financial independence in the USA.

2.One of the accountant's duties is recording business transactions in books of accounts.

3.A central bank is a bank responsible for issuing currency in a country and for supervising the banking system in the country.

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4.Workers and employees of European countries sometimes protest against closing enterprises, decreasing wages, increasing taxes by organizing demonstrations and strikes.

5.By examining the balance sheet, the auditor concluded that the company was not doing as well as they claimed.

(б) Составьте предложения на английском языке, соответствующие по смыслу русским предложениям. В каждом предложении подчеркните герундий.

1. Вложение денег в новые технологии, как правило, повышает эффективность производства.

usually money increases investing

2. Приватизация – это продажа компаний, принадлежащих государству, частным лицам.

the state companies privatization individuals is owned to selling by

3. Цена реализации продукта всегда выше, чем стоимость его производства.

4.Общепринятые принципы бухгалтерского учета – это правила бухгалтерского учета, которые применяют большинство компаний в США при составлении финансовой отчетности.

in preparing use most Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

5. Вы получите копию договора в течение двух недель после заключения сделки.

Упр. 6. (а) Перепишите атрибутивные словосочетания, образованные по схеме

«существительное + существительное», и переведите их.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски атрибутивными словосочетаниями (1-6), данными выше. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.The ___ in the US in 1929 led to a severe and lasting economic crisis all over the world.

2.The price of a product should cover its ___.

3.The ___ implemented in Spain in 1990 resulted in the ___ from 21.7% to 23.6%.

4.___ was introduced by the government to monitor the prices of food products in all districts.

5.In many countries, economic development has led to periods of rapid ___.

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Упр. 7. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Banks

If you work, you've probably got a bank account. You could keep the money you earn each month in a box under your bed but it wouldn't be very sensible. One reason is that it's not very safe. If your house gets burgled, you'll lose everything you've saved. Another reason is that your money will lose value.

As prices rise, the money in a box under your bed will be able to buy fewer and fewer things. Money in a bank savings account, however, will earn interest. The interest will help compensate for the effect of inflation. But banks are more than just safe places for your money. What other services do they offer?

The other main service is lending money. Individuals and businesses often need to borrow money, and they need a lender that they can trust. This is exactly what banks are - reliable lenders. In fact, most of the money that people deposit in their bank accounts is immediately lent out to someone else.

Apart from storing and lending money, banks offer other financial services. Most of these are ways of making money more accessible to customers. For example, banks help people transfer money securely. They give customers cheque books and credit cards to use instead of cash. They provide ATMs so that people can get cash any time of the day or night.

But how do banks make a profit? Basically, they make a profit by charging interest on loans. Of course, when you make a deposit into a bank savings account, the bank pays you interest on that money. However, the rate they pay savers is less than the rate they charge borrowers. The extra money they make by charging interest on loans is where banks earn most of their money.

For banks, interest is also a kind of security. Sometimes people don't pay back money they borrow. This is called defaulting on loan. When someone defaults on a loan, the bank uses money earned from interest to cover the loss.

All of this means that most of the money people have saved in the bank is not there at all! A small amount of the total savings is kept by the bank so that customers can make withdrawals. The rest, however, is made available for loans. The amount that is kept is called the reserve. The reserve must be a certain percentage of all the savings received from customers, for example 20%. This figure is set by the central bank, and this is one of the ways that governments can control the amount of money circulating in the economy.

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Упр. 9. Перепишите следующие предложения. Если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, напишите «True», если не соответствует – «False». Исправьте неверные утверждения.

1.It is very safe and sensible to keep the money you earn in a box under your bed.

2.As prices rise, the money in a box under your bed will be able to buy more and more things.

3.The interest on the deposited money will help compensate for the effect of inflation.

4.All the money that people deposit in their bank accounts is lent out to someone else.

5.Using ATMs, people can withdraw cash from their accounts any time of the day or night.

6.The bank's clients often default on a loan.

7.Most of the money people have saved in the bank is not there at all.

Упр. 10. Перепишите следующие альтернативные вопросы к тексту и дайте на них полные ответы.

1.Do you have a savings account or a checking account at a bank?

2.Will money in a box under your bed or in a bank savings account earn interest?

3.Is one of the main banks' services is lending or laundering money?

4.Do individuals and businesses often need to borrow or lend money?

5.Are banks reliable or unreliable lenders?

6.Do banks give customers cheque books or credit cards to use instead of cash?

7.Is the rate the bank pays savers less or more than the rate it charges borrowers?

ВА Р И А Н Т 3

Упр. 1. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. В каждом предложении подчеркните причастия (Participle I) и укажите их синтаксическую функцию (часть сказуемого, определение или обстоятельство).

affecting – определение

1.James Ritty invented the cash register to ensure the honesty of the clerks working in his bar.

2.Giving incentives and tax advantages to small businesses, the government plans to reduce unemployment.

3.Having purchased the enterprise, the new owner changed the whole managerial team immediately.

4.In Russia, only auditors having a license are entitled to carry out statutory audits of accounting documents.

5.Imposing customs tariffs, the government aims to protect domestic producers or to stimulate the expansion of production.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски причастиями (Participle I Simple or Participle I Perfect), образованными от глаголов, данных в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Shares are documents ___ what part of the company's capital belongs to their owner.

2.___ the new computer program, the accountant drew up the balance sheet much faster.

3.___ from one country to another, people convert one currency to another.

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4.The banker must treat any information ___ the financial affairs of his customers as confidential.

5.While ___ the company's debits and credits, an inexperienced bookkeeper didn't detect the error.

Упр. 2. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. В каждом предложении подчеркните причастия (Participle II) и укажите их синтаксическую функцию (часть сказуемого, определение или обстоятельство).

checked – обстоятельство

1.Some experts predict that implemented reforms won't provide a stable economic growth in future.

2.Excise duty is levied by the government on certain goods (e.g. tobacco, oil or alcoholic drinks) manufactured, sold and consumed within a country.

3.When deferred, the wage should be indexed, which is not actually done.

4.The number of commercial transactions handled through the Internet is constantly increasing throughout the world.

5.According to the generally adopted laws, all companies must file annually reports relating to their profits, assets, liabilities, etc.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски причастиями (Participle II), образованными от глаголов, данных в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.A lot of the foodstuffs ___ in Mexico are exported to earn hard currency.

2.External auditors are experts ___ by a company to inspect its accounts.

3.If ___ properly, this enterprise may earn high profit.

4.Financial capital ___ in a business can belong to the business itself or it can be borrowed from a bank.

5.Salaries ___ to employees are part of the company's operating costs.

Упр. 3. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в форму Participle I или Participle II. Фразы перепишите и переведите.

1.the bank (grant) real estate loans

2.the embargo on importing European foodstuffs (impose) by Russia

3.the Board of Directors (elect) by the shareholders

4.the producers (advertise) their goods on TV

5.money (invest) in human capital

6.the dealer (represent) our company

7.companies (trade) in the world market

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Упр. 4. Выберите подходящую по смыслу форму причастия. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1. A lot of raw materials ___ for manufacturing are imported.

2. Large companies ___ in many countries are called multinationals. 3. ___ the prices, the firm increased its sales.

4. The goods ___ to this country now are mostly consumer and food products. 5. The government can regulate monopolies, ___ the prices.

6. А dividend is a part of a company's profits ___ to shareholders once or twice a year.

7. Because of a high risk, I don't bank with the private companies ___ a high interest rate. 8. ___ all details of the transaction, the partners signed the contract.

9. Nowadays, it is possible to transfer money between different accounts, ___ an electronic system.

10. Many consumers constantly buy the products ___ by the same company, ___ their brand loyalty.

Упр. 5. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на способы перевода герундия.

1.Changing interest rates is a method used quite frequently for slowing down or speeding up the economic growth.

2.After becoming a qualified accountant, he got interested in economic analysis.

3.An accountant is responsible for preparing all the financial statements at the end of a fiscal year.

4.This system of buying goods by hire purchase became very popular during the first half of the 20th century.

5.Ronald Reagan won the presidency in 1980 by pledging to cut government spending and taxes.

(б) Составьте предложения на английском языке, обращая внимание на порядок слов, и запишите их. Подчеркните герундий в английских предложениях.

1. Ограничение цен является одним из способов борьбы с инфляцией.

controlling restricting of inflation the ways one is prices of

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2. Компания может увеличить прибыль за счет сокращения расходов.

3.Внутренние аудиторы являются сотрудниками компании, которые несут ответственность за проверку финансовой отчетности.

4.В США кредитные карты, такие как Visa, American Express и Master Card являются самым распространенным способом проведения платежей через Интернет.

such as the most common making payment in the USA credit cards way online of are Visa, American Express and Master Card

5.Правительство планирует сократить непогашенные долги путем внесения изменений в систему налогообложения.

Упр. 6. (а) Перепишите атрибутивные словосочетания, образованные по схеме

«существительное + существительное», и переведите их.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски атрибутивными словосочетаниями (1-6), данными выше. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.___ help businessmen understand which branches of industry are more profitable.

2.Recent ___ have affected the poor more than the rich.

3.The ___ is the excess of government expenditure over government revenue.

4.The ___ include preparing financial reports, analyzing accounting data, providing financial information to management.

5.The ___ is an action taken by a company or government to stop the ___ because of financial difficulties.

Упр. 7. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Factors of Production

One morning you wake up with a great idea. You've thought of a product that no onе else has, and you're certain there's demand for it. But how will you turn your idea into reality? First of all you'll need raw materials to manufacture from - probably oil or metal. You can't produce it by yourself, so you'll need people to help you make it, package it and market it. Finally, your staff will need a factory and machines to produce with. In short, you need the factors of productions: land, labour and capital.

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The factors of production are the starting point for all economies. The most basic of the factors is land. When economists talk about land, however, they don't just mean space to build on or fields to grow crops. Land means everything that nature provides and we can use for production. The land factor includes raw materials like coal, metals, oil and timber.

The second factor is labour. Raw materials will just stay in the ground unless people dig them out and do something with them. Similarly, factory machines will sit doing nothing without people to operate them. Labour can mean the physical effort such as lifting, digging and building. This is called manual work. Labour also includes mental work like thinking, writing, communicating and designing. Industries that need many workers working long hours are called labour intensive industries. However, the quality of labour is as important as the quantity. An educated, skilled and fit workforce is more productive than an uneducated, unskilled and unhealthy one. This characteristic of the labour factor is called human capital. Some countries have large labour forces, but are poor in human capital because the economy lacks education and health care.

The third factor is capital. Capital includes buildings such as factories for production and warehouses for storage. It also includes the tools and equipment that workers use in the manufacturing process. In heavy industries such as shipbuilding or steel making, capital usually involves big machinery and mechanical equipment. In high-tech industries, on the other hand, capital generally means computers and complex laboratory apparatus. These days, industry tends to be more capital intensive than labour intensive.

Land, labour and capital are the three factors of production identified by Adam Smith and the classical economists. However, more recent economists have identified one more factor: entrepreneurship. This means people with great business ideas that set the economy in motion.

Упр. 9. Перепишите следующие предложения. Если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, напишите «True», если не соответствует – «False». Исправьте неверные утверждения.

1.Raw materials are the most important factor of production.

2.The land factor includes all the raw materials that nature provides and we can use for production.

3.The most important thing about the labour factor is the size of the labour force.

4.In modern economies, industry tends to be more labour intensive than capital intensive.

5.Capital includes buildings (factories, warehouses) and equipment used by workers in the manufacturing process.

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