- •Курский государственный педагогический университет
- •Наклонение в английском языке
- •Курск 2000
- •Часть III завершает работу над изученным материалом серией обзорных контрольных упражнений.
- •References
- •The Imperative Mood
- •The Subjunctive (Oblique) Mood:
- •Subjunctive I
- •Part III general revision exercises
- •Subjunctive II
- •The use of subjunctive II
- •Object clauses
- •I.2.4 adverbial clauses of purpose
- •Attributive clauses after the phrase "It's (high) time..."
- •Predicative Clauses
- •I.2.3. Object, Predicative and Appositive clauses after expressions of "fear".
- •Adverbial Clauses of Comparison:
- •I.2.2. Object, predicative and attributive clauses.
- •Adverbial Clauses of Concession
- •I.2.1. Subject Clauses
- •The Suppositional Mood
- •Subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II in Adverbial Clauses of Condition The Conditional Mood
- •I. The suppositional mood
- •I.1. The morphological characteristics
- •I.2. The Use of the Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive I
- •Part II The Suppositional Mood structurally dependent use of forms expressing unreality
- •Little Ann Dreams
- •The Conditional Mood in simple sentences with the "But for.."construction or adverbial clauses of condition "if it were not for..."
- •Four Types of Conditional Sentences in English
Speaking of the past we must
refer the action to the past by using the Past Perfect form of the
verb (Subjunctive II Past).
Ex.
If
you had
given
the example, the pupils would have understood the rule at once.
Note:
If the subject of the adverbial conditional clause is followed by
the verbs "to be, to have" or modal verbs in Subjunctive
II, the word order may be inverted and the conjunction is dropped in
such cases.
Ex. If I were free I would
join you. - Were I free, I would join you.
If
I had been free, I would have joined you. - Had I been free, I would
have joined you.
If we returned to the
previous two examples and analysed the types of moods used in them,
we would note the use of the Conditional Mood in the principal
clauses:
Ex.
If
I knew her address, I would
say
it. The
verb predicate of the principal clause has the form of the
Conditional Mood. In this sentence reference is made to the present
moment: "я бы сказала..."
Ex.
If
he had given examples, the pupils would
have understood
the rule at once.
Here
reference is made to some past moment. The Conditional Past is used:
"они бы поняли правило сразу".
Ex.5
Make the following sentences more emphatic by adding the the words
"really", "very" (chorus work)
Model: How
nice it would be if we had four more hours of English a week.
-
Really, it would be very nice if we had four more hours of English a
week. 1. How nice it
would be if we had a day off. 2. How nice it would be if we had a
new flat. 3. How nice it would be if we passed all exams. 4. Now
nice it would be if we knew English literature better. 5. How nice
it would be if this happy day did not end. 6. How nice it would be
if we could go on a tour. 7. How nice it would be if we knew French,
too.
Ex.6
What you would do under the following circumstances (use the
Conditional Mood): 1. If you were free
tonight ... 2. If you were in the teacher's place... 3. If you were
busy translating the article... 4. If you had no classes tomorrow...
5. If you had no English-Russian dictionary... 6.If all your dreams
came true... 7. If you were to cross the ocean... 8. If you had a
million roubles... 9. If you were about to miss the train...
Ex.7
State in what case you would act in the following way (using
Subjunctive II): 1. You would sit up
late if... 2.You would eat things you don't like if... 3. You would
act on the stage... 4. You would write detective stories... 5. You
wouldn't study foreign languages... 6. You wouldn't ask your mother
to buy an ice-cream... 7. You would tell a lie... 8. You would study
mathematics... 9. You wouldn't go home early...
Ex.8
Say,
that you would act in the same way or differently if you in these
people's places: Model: Ann
is a teacher by profession but she sells newspaper in the bookstall.
- If I were a teacher, I
wouldn't sell newspapers but I would teach pupils at school. 1.
Kate is very tired after her work but she keeps late hours. 2.Betty
is a good singer but she never sings in the presence many people. 3.
Peter is the monitor of our group but he
In
this part of the handover we are speaking of the first case: the
structurally
dependent use
of forms expressing unreality. they are: the Suppositional
Mood and Subjunctive I,
which represent the action as desirable or undesirable,
suggested, advised, supposed, etc. and are correspondingly use to
express necessity, suggestion, advice, supposition, etc.
I.1.1.
The Suppositional mood is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb
"should" for all
persons
singular and plural and the Infinitive
of the notional verb in the necessary form without the particle
"to". It can have two forms: "perfect"
and "non-perfect":
Non-perfect
is used to express simultaneousness in the present or past and
refers the action to the future.
E.g.:
I
suppose that she (they, you, the book) should write
(be
writing, be written).
The
Perfect
form of the Suppositional mood is used to express prior
possibilities of an action or situation.
E.g.:
I
suppose that (she, we, the letter) should have written (have been
written already).
Due
to the fact that suggestion, advice, recommendation as a rule refer
to the future the perfect form of the Suppositional Mood is
rather
seldom used.
I.1.2.
Subjunctive I has one
form
which is used with reference to any
time. E.g.:
I insist that you be there in time. The
two forms of mood are used in the same sentence patterns and exist
side by side.
E.g.: I
suggest that he go (should go) with us.
It
is necessary that he go (should go) with us.
Most
grammarians of academic grammar say the difference between the
two forms is stylistic:
"should + Infinitive" is in common use and may be found
in any style, Subjunctive I is restricted to the language of
official documents and high prose in British English.
In
American
English
Subjunctive I is generally preferred for
common
use, whereas the Suppositional Mood is left for the official
cases. The latter becoming quite a tangible tendency, we may soon
come to agree with the following statement of the present-day
grammarian Rodionov A.F.: "In the last three decades "the
Simple Subjunctive", i.e. the one having the same form as
theI. The suppositional mood
I.1. The morphological characteristics
I.2. The Use of the Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive I
As
it is stated by Y.A. Blokh in his book "A Course of
Theoretical English Grammar" (M - 1983, p. 186) "The
category of
mood
expresses the character of connection between the process denoted
by the verb and the actual reality, either representing the
process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen,
or treating it as imaginary phenomenon..."
Thus
the Indicative Mood is a fact mood representing the action as a
real fact, the Imperative expresses the will of the speaker in the
form of commands and requests. The Conditional Mood, Subjunctive
II, Subjunctive I and the Suppositional Moods belong to "Oblique
moods" (косвенные
наклонения).
They represent the action as unreal.
Before
going deeper into
the description of the various forms of unreality and their usage
it is necessary to understand the factors that determine their
choice.
1.
Sometimes the choice between the Indicative
and other types of mood depends on the structure of the sentence,
mainly on the type of the subordinate clause in which the form
occurs, and in certain cases even on the lexical character of the
predicate verb in the principal clause. We say then that this
is the structurally
dependent use
of the forms expressing unreality.
2.
In other cases the choice is
independent
of the structure of the sentence and is determined by
meaning,
by the attitude
of the speaker
towards the actions expressed in the sentence. This may be termed
as "the
independent (or free) use"
of forms expressing unreality.
3.
In a limited number of cases the use of forms expressing unreality
has become a matter
of tradition
and is to be treated as set
phrases,
because other sentences cannot be built on their patterns (see also
Gordon E.M., M-74, paragraph 129, p. 113: the list of expressions)
has no sense of responsibility. 4. My friend is a sportsman but he
is lazy and does not train regularly. 5. Ann is a doctor but she
does not put her heart into her work. 6. Nick is a bus-driver but he
is often late for his work. 7. Bob is a student of our group but he
never spends his free time with his groupmates.
Ex.9
What would you do under the following circumstances: 1.
Your group mate gets into trouble. 2.Your grandfather needs a new
coat. 3. Your TV set needs repairing. 4. The cake is not good. 5.
The milk is sour. 6. Mother is extremely tired. 7. The performance
is rather dull. 8. Your dream is not to come true. 9. Your brother
does not obey you.
Ex.10
Listen to the song "If I were you I wouldn't..."
recorded, and try to imitate it.
Ex.11
Advise your neighbour not to do it.
Model:
to go to bed so late - If I were you I wouldn't (shouldn't) go to
bed so late.
Prompts:
to
be rude to my sister, to waste my time, to waste my money, to watch
TV for five hours a day, to disturb my neighbours , to get into
debt, to make a noise, to make a row, to go out without an umbrella,
to use very strong scent, to keep a snake as a pet, to ask my
mother to iron my shirts.
Ex.12
Translate the following into English:
1.
Если бы
вы больше гуляли, вы бы чувствовали
себя лучше. 2. Вы встретили бы мою сестру:
если бы сейчас гуляли в Летнем саду. 3.
Если бы вы любили прогулки на свежем
воздухе, вы чаще гуляли с нами. 4. Если
бы вы не были так заняты, мы с вами ездили
бы за город каждое воскресенье. 5. Если
бы я была завтра свободна, я обязательно
погуляла бы с вами в парке.
Ex.13 a)
Memorize the verse and use it in your teaching practice to drill
Subjunctive II Present and the Conditional Mood Present;
b)
try to give its translation in rhyme. If
all the seas were one sea, And if all the men were one man, What
a great sea that would be ! What a great man he would be ! And
if all the trees were one tree, And if the great man took the great
axe, What
a great tree that would be ! And cut down the great tree, And
if all the axes were one axe, And let it fall into the great sea,
What a great axe that would
be ! What a splish splash that would be!
Ex.14 a)
Read the stories, reproduce them and answer the questions following
them;
b)
make up similar stories of your own:
* * *
If I were a writer I should
take a pen and write a story. If I wrote a story about nature it
would be a picturesque one with wonderful descriptions of woods,
valleys, meadows and things of the kind. If I made up my mind to
write a love story it would be lyrical and moving and by all means
with a happy end. And if I risked to compose s detective story it
would be full of murders, robberies, adventures and accidents. What
would you write if you were a writer?
Part II The Suppositional Mood structurally dependent use of forms expressing unreality