I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

cluster compounds, triangular set of atoms, dimetallic complex, distinction, interface nanotechnology, quantum size effect, array, anthropogenic species, ill-defined species, solid state inorganic chemistry, superconductor, collective interaction, alloy, intermetallic derivatives, condensed matter physics

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1) What is the distinction between large clusters and bulk solids?

2) What kinds of clusters form the basis of nanotechnology?

3) What does the field of bioinorganic compounds include?

4) What technique does solid state inorganic chemistry use?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1. Included in solid state chemistry are	a) includes anthropogenic species such as pollutants and drugs.
2. This important area focuses on bioinorganic chemistry	b) metals and their alloys or intermetallic derivatives.
3. The subfield of bioinorganic chemistry	c) highly relevant to the area.
4. Metal-metal bounded dimetallic complexes are	d) structure, bonding and the physical properties of materials.

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describe cluster; nanotechnology; ligands; superconductor; subunits using the suggested words and expressions as in example:

cluster

commonly accepted definition; minimally; triangular set of atoms; directly bonded; dimetallic complexes

example: According to the commonly accepted definition, a cluster consists minimally of a triangular set of atoms that are directly bonded to each other. But metal-metal bonded dimetallic complexes are highly relevant to the area.

nanotechnology

distinction; large clusters; bulk solids; chemical basis; quantum size effects; cadmium selenide clusters

ligands

metal complexes; biological macromolecules; ill-defined species; water

superconductor

high temperature; levitate; critical temperature

subunits

properties; collective interaction; solid

III. Writing Exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words:

Solid; properties; state; crystallography; interactions.

In practice, solid state inorganic chemistry uses techniques such as _________ to gain an understanding of the _______ that result from collective ________ between the subunits of the ________.

Exercise 2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 40 words):

“Metal complexes containing ligands”

“Position of clusters in chemistry”

“The properties of solid state compounds”

Lesson 6

Read the text: Theoretical inorganic chemistry

Theoretical inorganic chemistry

An alternative perspective on the area of inorganic chemistry begins with the Bohr model of the atom and, using the tools and models of theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry, expands into bonding in simple and then more complex molecules. Precise quantum mechanical descriptions for multielectron species, the province of inorganic chemistry, is difficult. This challenge has spawned many semi-quantitative or semi-empirical approaches including molecular orbital theory and ligand field theory, In parallel with these theoretical descriptions, approximate methodologies are employed, including density functional theory.

Exceptions to theories, qualitative and quantitative, are extremely important in the development of the field. For example, Cu^II₂(OAc)₄(H₂O)₂ is almost diamagnetic below room temperature whereas Crystal Field Theory predicts that the molecule would have two unpaired electrons. The disagreement between qualitative theory (paramagnetic) and observation (diamagnetic) led to the development of models for "magnetic coupling." These improved models led to the development of new magnetic materials and new technologies.

Crystal field theory explains why [Fe^III(CN)₆]³⁻ has only one unpaired electron. Inorganic chemistry has greatly benefited from qualitative theories. Such theories are easier to learn as they require little background in quantum theory. Within main group compounds, VSEPR theory powerfully predicts, or at least rationalizes, the structures of main group compounds, such as an explanation for why NH₃ is pyramidal whereas ClF₃ is T-shaped. For the transition metals, crystal field theory allows one to understand the magnetism of many simple complexes, such as why [Fe^III(CN)₆]³⁻ has only one unpaired electron, whereas [Fe^III(H₂O)₆]³⁺ has five. A particularly powerful qualitative approach to assessing the structure and reactivity begins with classifying molecules according to electron counting, focusing on the numbers of valence electrons, usually at the central atom in a molecule.

Nitrogen dioxide, NO₂, exhibits C_2v symmetry.

A central construct in inorganic chemistry is Group Theory. Group Theory provides the language to describe the shapes of molecules according to their "point group symmetry". Group Theory also enables factoring and simplification of theoretical calculations.

Spectroscopic features are analyzed and described with respect to the symmetry properties of the, inter alia, vibrational or electronic states. Knowledge of the symmetry properties of the ground and excited states allows one to predict the numbers and intensities of absorptions in vibrational and electronic spectra. A classic application of Group Theory is the prediction of the number of C-O vibrations in substituted metal carbonyl complexes. The most common applications of symmetry to spectroscopy involve vibrational and electronic spectra.

As an instructional tool, Group Theory highlights commonalities and differences in the bonding of otherwise disparate species, such as WF₆ and Mo(CO)₆ or CO₂ and NO₂.

конецформыначалоформыReaction pathways

The theory of chemical reactions is more challenging than the theory for a static molecule. Marcus theory provides a powerful linkage between bonding, mechanism, and reactivity. The relative strengths of metal-ligand bonds, which can be calculated theoretically, anticipates the kinetically accessible pathways.