- •2. Phonetics and its branches.
- •3. Phonetics and a speech sound. Human speech and its stages.
- •4. Language and speech.
- •5. The theoretical and practical aspects of Phonetics.
- •The notion of the phoneme. The phoneme and its main aspects.
- •Relationship between the phoneme and its allophones.
- •The main trends in phoneme theory.
- •1.The notion of the phoneme. The phoneme and its allophones.
- •2.Relationship between the phoneme and its allophones.
- •3. The main trends in phoneme theory.
- •1. The three parts of Phonology as corresponding to the three levels of Linguistic analysis.
- •2. The distributional method in phonology
- •3. The semantic method in phonology
- •Lecture 4.
- •2. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic approaches as the principle aspects of phonological system.
- •3. Synchronic, diachronic and socio-linguistic factors in phonological system.
- •The phonetic structure of a language.
- •1) Type of obstruction;
- •2) Place of obstruction and the active organ of speech;
- •3) Force of articulation.
- •4. The position of the soft palate.
- •1. The place of noise.
- •2. The manner of articulation.
- •2. Constrictive;
- •3. Occlusive-constrictive (affricates);
- •4. Rolled;
- •3. The place of articulation.
- •1. Labial;
- •2. Lingual;
- •3. Glottal;
- •3. Differences in the Articulation Bases of English and Russian Consonants and their Peculiarities
- •It is a reference point which is fixed and unchanged, established within the total range of vowel quality to which any other vowel sound can be directly related.
- •2. Classification of English vowels.
- •1. Classification of the vowels according to the position of the tongue.
- •2. Classification of English vowels according to the position of the lips.
- •3. Classification of English vowels according to length.
- •4. Classification of English vowels according to the degree of tenseness.
- •3. Stability of articulation. English diphthongs.
- •Articulatory Transitions
- •Peculiarities of the cc, cv, vc, VV Articulatory Transitions in English and in Russian
- •Unstressed Vocalism
- •Lecture 8 the principle types of english pronunciation. The teaching norm. Rp and ga
- •Diphthongs
- •Lecture 9.
- •2. Types of Syllables.
- •3. Syllable Formation and Syllable Division.
- •Scale of Sonority
- •4. Vocoids and contoids.
- •2. Types of word stress. Factors, kinds and degrees of word stress.
- •Qualitative type of stress is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel under stress.
- •Recessive tendency, 2. Rhythmic tendency, 3.Retentive tendency and 4. Semantic factor.
- •3.Rules of word stress. Stress in compounds.
- •Verb noun adjective
- •4. The functional aspect of word stress.
- •5. Strong and weak forms. Degrees of reduction.
- •6 Sentence stress.
- •2. The structural elements of prosody.
- •3. Intonation Patterns.
- •4. Fundamental Intonation Patterns and their Use.
- •2. Extralinguistic situation and its main constituents:
- •3. The problem of classification of phonetic styles.
- •2. Academic style.
- •Publicistic style.
- •4. Informational style.
- •5. Declamatory style.
- •Список вопросов к экзамену/зачету по теоретической фонетике.
- •Задания для самостоятельной работы
- •2. Declamatory style:
- •Plan of phonostylistic analysis.
Unstressed Vocalism
The system of the unstressed vocalism of the English language is characterized by the following features: vowels in unstressed position may change in quality and in quantity, or remain unchanged. For example, the indefinite article a may be pronounced as [ə] which differs from [ei] qualitatively. The personal pronoun he may be pronounced as [hi] which differs from [hi:] quantitavely. In the word potato the sound [əu] remains unchanged though it occurs in an unaccented syllable [pə'teıtəu].
In the English language articles, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs which are as a rule, unstressed, are used in speech in the reduced form. The only exceptions are: the interrogative pronouns what, when, where and the demonstrative pronoun that.
It should be borne in mind that the verbs have, has, had are used in their strong form as notional verbs. They may be used in the strong form when they begin the question. When the verbs have, has, had and the pronouns he, him, his, her, who are final or medial [h] may be lost.
Not has the weak form [nt] when it follows the verbs are, should, would, is, has, have, could, dare, might.
The major role in the system of the unstressed vocalism of the English language belongs to the neutral vowel [ə] which may alternate with any vowel of full formation. E.g.
[ə] – [i:] the [ði:]-[ðə]
[ə] – [æ] as [æz] – [əz]
[ə] – [ʌ] but [bʌt] – [bət]
[ə] – [ɒ] from [frɒm] – [frəm]
[ə] – [u] could [kud] – [kəd]
[ə] – [u:] do [du:] – [də]
[ə] – [ɜ:] were [wɜ:] – [wə]
[ə] – [e] them [ðem] – [ðəm]
Qualitative changes of vowel phonemes should not be confused with their quantitative alternations when they are shortened because of different linguistic and extra linguistic factors. Examples of some strong and reduced forms:
-
Strong form
Reduced form
unless
[ən'les]
[n'les]
until
[ən'tıl]
[n'tıl]
whom
[hu:m]
[hum]
would
[wud]
[wəd, (a)d]
yourself
[jɔ:'self]
[jə'self]
the [ði:] – the lesson [ðə 'lesn]
land [lænd] – England ['iŋglənd]
particle['pɑ:tıkl] – particular [pə'tikjulə]
a combine [ə 'kɔmbaın] – to combine [tə kəm'baın]
toward [tə'wɔ:d] – forward ['fɔ:wəd]
fully ['fulı] -playfully ['pleifəlı]
to him [tu 'hım] – to the table [tə ðə 'teibl]
some [sʌm] – tiresome ['taıəsəm]
up [ʌp] -upon [ə'pɒn]
herd [hɜ:d] – shepherd ['ʃepəd]
face [feıs] – preface ['prefıs]
shire ['ʃaıə] – Yorkshire ['jɒ:kʃə]
mouth [mauθ] – Plymouth ['plıməθ]
folk [fəuk] – Norfolk ['nɔ:fək]
revere [rı'vıə] -reverence [revərəns]
there's [ðɛəz] – there's [ðəz]
The peculiarity of the unstressed vocalism of Russian is that an unstressed vowel never preserves its full form. The cases like potato [pə'teıtou], artistic [a:'tıstık] are very common in English and are never observed in Russian.