3. Syntacticai. Expressive means and stylistic devices:
Anadiplosis or catch repetition - repetition of the same element or unit at the end of the preceding and at the beginning of the following utterance.
E.g. With Bewick on my knee I felt happy: happy at last in my own way /Ch. Bronte/.
Anaphora – repetition of the first word or group of words at the beginning of successive sentences or clauses.
E.g. And everywhere there were people. People going into gates and people coming out of gates. People staggering and falling. People fighting and cursing. /P.Abrahatns/
Apokoinu construction - blend; of two clauses through a word which has two syntactic functions, one in each of the two blended clauses.
E.g. There was a door led into the kitchen. /E. Hemingway/.
Aposiopesis or break - a sudden interruption in speech caused, by some strong emotion or reluctance to continue or finish the sentence for some other reason.
E.g. “My God! If the police come --- find me here! /J. Galsworthy/.
Chain repetition - combination of several catch repetitions.
E.g. A smile would come into Mr. Pikwick’s face: a smile be extended into laugh, the laugh into the roar, the roar became general. /Ch. Dickens/.
Chiasmus - reversed parallelism.
E.g. The public wants a thing, therefore it is supplied with it or the public is supplied with a thing, therefore it wants it. /Thackeray/.
Coordination instead of subordination - usage of coordination in the cases where subordination is logically expected (usually the use of “and”, as in Hemingway).
Detachment - isolation of some parts of the sentence to make it more prominent,
E.g. A sound of singing came down the water to him trailing, distant, high and sweet. /J.Galsworthy/.
Ellipsis – deliberate omission of some members of the sentence for stylistic purposes.
E.g. “I'll see nobody for half an hour, Marcey,” said the boss. “Understand?” Nobody at all.” /K.Mansfield/.
Epiphora - repetition of the final word or groups of words in several succeeding sentences or clauses.
E.g. Through the brain slowly shifted the thing they had done together. Walking together. Dancing together. /Abrahams/.
Parallelism - two or more sentences built by the same syntactic pattern closely following each other.
E.g. I notice that father's is a large hand, but newer a heavy one when he touches to me, and that father's is a rough voice but never an angry one when he speaks to me. / Ch. Dickens /
Polysyndeton - connection of sentences, phrases or words based on the repetition of the same conjunction.
E.g. He put on his coat and took his mug and his plate and his knife and went outside. /J.Aldridge/.
Rhetorical question - presentation of an affirmative or negative statement in the form of a question.
E.g. Is there not blood enough upon your penal codes that must be pored forth? /Byron/.
Ring repetition - repetition of the same unit at the beginning and at the end of some utterance.
E.g. I am a good girl, I am... /B.Shaw/.
Stylistic inversion - violation of the traditional order of words which does not alter the grammatical meaning of the sentence but gives it an additional emotional or emphatic colouring.
E.g. And fast into this perilous gulf of night walked Bossiney, and fast after him went George. /J.Galsworthy./
Subordination instead of coordination - usage of subordination in case where coordination is logically expected.
E.g. “And the rain won't make any difference?”
“No.”
“That’s good. Because I am afraid of the rain." /Hemingway/.
Syntactic tautology - repetition of some member of the sentence, usually the subject expressed by a noun or a pronoun.
E.g. Miss Tillie Wesbter, she slept forty days and nights without waking up. /O'Henry/.
Zeugma - usage of semantically different but syntactically similar, constructions in close succession.
E.g. Mr. Pikwick took his hat and his leave. /Dickens/.