
- •Fiber optics
- •Fiber optics
- •Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
- •Nonlinearity
- •Fiber lasers
- •Figure 3
- •Doing it all with fiber?
- •The global electric circuit
- •III. Vocabulary and word study
- •The Global Electric Circuit
- •Generators and sources
- •Monitoring the global electric circuit
- •Challenge to established views
- •Energy from inertial fusion
- •III. Vocabulary and Word Study
- •Components
- •Solid-state lasers
- •Light-ion accelerators
- •Heavy-ion accelerators
- •Reactors
- •Cascade.
- •Power plant operating parameters
- •Target factory
- •Environmental, safety and health issue
- •Is getting a lot more precise
- •Optical Frequency Measurement Is Getting a Lot More Precise Abridged
- •The problem
- •The experiment
- •Testing qed
- •Spreading the technique
- •Ancient stardust in the laboratory
- •III. Vocabulary and word study
- •Searching for Stardust
- •Stellar parents: how many and what kind?
- •Forming stellar grains
- •Probing the early Solar System
- •A continuous model of computation
- •2. Write down the physical terms, known to you, in Russian.
- •A continuous model of computation
- •Two models of computation
- •Turing-machine model—pros and cons
- •Real-number model—pros and cons
- •Information-based complexit
- •The curse of dimensionality
- •The information level
- •Monte Carlo
- •Path integrals
- •III.Vocabulary and Word Study
- •IV. Reading for General Understannding
- •III. Vocabulary and Word Study
- •Planar imaging with X rays
- •Sectional imaging
- •Digital imaging
- •Treatment planning
- •Tomographic therapy
- •The cosmic rosetta stone
- •Write down the physical terms, known to you, in Russian.
- •III. Vocabulary and Word Study.
- •Abridged
- •Anisotropy in the cosmic background
- •Box 1. Big Bang Basics
- •The scientific harvest
- •Box 2. The Physics of cmb Anisotropy
- •The Scientific Harvest
The cosmic rosetta stone
I. First Reading of the Text (Skimming Reading)
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Read paragraphs 1-12 and try to understand what they are about and what information is already known to you.
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Write down the physical terms, known to you, in Russian.
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Write out a list of apparatuses or satellites launched into space to explore the Solar System.
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Write out a list of physicists and scientists mentioned in the article who have different opinions about the structure and origin of the Universe.
II. Scanning reading
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Read the texts “Anisotropy in the cosmic Background”,” The Scientific Harvest” and the texts of Box 1 and Box 2.
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Pick out an idea or a phrase which you think is most informative or most interesting from each part of the whole text.
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Pick out cosmological terms from the text which you do not know.
III. Vocabulary and Word Study.
A Vocabulary
barion [' bæriən] n - барион(массивная элементарная частица)
baryonic [' bærionik] adj – барионный
to decipher [ disaifə] v - расшифровывать
hieroglyphics [,haiə'rouglif] n – иероглиф
hiss n - шипение, свист
obituary [ə'bitjuəri] n - список умерших
cosmology [koz'molədzi] n - космология
dipolar [dai'poulə] adj - имеющий два полюса
a frame n - система координат; цикл
vindication n - доказательство; защита; оправдание
fluctuation [' flaktju'ei ∫n] n - колебание; неустойчивость
void n - пустота; впадина; вакуум
primeval [prai'mi:vəl] adj –первобытный
to recede v - убывать; отойти на задний план; терять интерес (значение)
stringent adj -строгий; жёсткий
overnight adv - быстро; скоро; неожиданно
multipole adj - многополюсный
inflation n - вздутие; раздувание
blowup n - взрыв
to subtend v - оттягивать (угол)
rms - среднеквадратичное значение
isotropic [,aisou'tropik] adj- изотропный
to seed v - засеивать
arch minute [a:t∫] - минута дуги
cluster ['klΛstə] n - пучок; скопление
monopole adj -однополюсный; уединённый; магнитный полюс
texture n - текстура; структура
a conjugate n - сопряжённый
scenario [si'na:riou]n - вариант; положение; ситуация
redshift n - красное смещение
hypothesis [hai'pouθisis] n - гипотеза
spatially ['spei ∫əli] adv - пространственно
opacity [ou'pæsiti]n - затенённость; темнота; неясность
putative ['pjutətiv] adj - предполагаемый
impervious [im'pə:vjəs]adj - непроницаемый
linear ['liniə] adj - линейный
inhomogeneity [inhomoudze'ni:ti] n - неоднородность
variance ['v ε'əriəns n - дисперсия; непостоянство
vernacular [və'nækjulə] adj - характерный (для данной местности)
perturbation n - нарушение
power spectrum - спектральная плотность; спектральная функция; энергетический спектр
insurmountable adj - непреодолимый
bin n - бункер
toemerge ['mә:dз] v - появляться, возникать
to disfavour [dis'feivə] v - впасть в немилость, неодобрять
to launch [lo:nt∫] n - запускать
to pin down v - связывать, пробивать
invariance [in'vεәriәns] n - инвариантность
gravity wave - гравитационная волна
to engender [in'dзendə] v - порождать, вызывать
distortion n - искажение
constituent n - составная часть
recourse ad - составляющий часть целог
cornerstone n - краеугольный камень
plateau ['plætou] n - плато, плоскогорье
a well n - родник, скважина
trough [' trof] n - впадина, котловина; подошва (волны) to blur v - затуманить, затемнить
to diverge [daiv'ə:dз] v - расходиться, отклоняться
B Word Study
1. Find the related nouns in the text to exist
to exit to react
to compose to amplify
to radiate to fluctuate
to predict to form
to calculate to perturbate
to interpret to direct
2. Find the related verbs in the text
emission extrapolation
correlation inflation
information polarization
expansion motivation
estimation assumption
evolution determination
induction container
3. Find the relative adjectives in the text
gravity cosmology line
transparency theory addition
proportion precision fraction
4. Improve your vocabulary
Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets:
a. Daring its earliest moments, however, the universe was much simpler – a smooth (газ из фотонов), (барионов) и (частиц тёмной материи).
b. The two (конкурирующие) models for the origin of the primary density (возмущений) involve the physics of early (вселенной).
c. The nonbaryonic (материя) may be «холодной» (медленно движущийся) or “hot” (fast).
d. But the dynamical (наблюдения) indicate that the ( тёмная материя) contributes at least 20% of this critical (плотности).
e. There is now good (свидетельство) that (галактики) formed first.
f. This effect (создаёт) a small spectral (искажение) in the CMB.
g. The position of the (первого пика) is sensitive to the total energy (density) and it can be used to (определить) (геометрию) of the universe.
5. Translate the following word chains
A residual cosmic background radiation; an unexplained celestial microwave hiss; spherical-harmonic multipole moments; Gaussian random process; higher-order correlation function; the rms fractional temperature fluctuation a thousand times smaller; the opaque universal plasma; Big-Bang interpretation, putative relic radiation; black body, the race to map; Gaussian random process; spherical-harmonic indices; to seed; primeval density perturbations; the physics of the early universe, cosmological phase transition; matter distribution; the precise shape of the angular power spectrum.
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