- •Constitution – the Standard of Legitimacy
- •Constitution – the Standard of Legitimacy
- •Grammar Section Revision of the Active Voice
- •Vocabulary Section The British Constitution
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The British Constitution
- •Grammar Section Revision of the Active Voice
- •Vocabulary Section The British Constitution
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The u.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights
- •The bill of rights
- •The Constitution of Ukraine
- •Grammar Section Revision of the Active Voice
- •1 . Choose the correct answer.
- •2. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.
- •Vocabulary Section Political Parties
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •Political Parties of the uk
- •Political Parties of the usa
- •Political Parties of Ukraine
- •Grammar Section reported speech Statements
- •Unit three Electoral System
- •Vocabulary Section
- •Electoral System in the uk
- •Elections in Great Britain
- •Elections in the usa
- •Grammar Section reported speech Reported Questions, Requests, Commands, Suggestions
- •Vocabulary Section
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The Monarchy
- •Part 2 The United Kingdom. Legislature
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •Legislature
- •Part 3 Executive
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •Executive
- •English Laws
- •The Privy Council
- •The Ministry
- •Government Departments
- •Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
- •Grammar Section The Passive Voice
- •Unit five Part 1 The United States of America. The Legislative Branch
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know
- •The political system of the usa
- •The legislative branch
- •The lobbyists
- •Grammar Section The Passive Voice
- •Three Unsolved Mysteries Continue to Fascinate
- •Part 2 The United States of America. Making Laws
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •Making laws
- •Part 3 The United States of America. The Executive Power
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The exacutive power
- •Part 4 The United States of America. The Executive Power
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know.
- •The system of courts in the united states
- •Unit 6 Political System of Ukraine
- •1. Look through the words and expression to make sure that you know them. Learn those you don’t know
- •State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The President of Ukraine
- •State Power Institutions in Ukraine: Government of Ukraine
- •State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The System of Judicial Authority
- •Part 1 General Foundations of Ukraine’s Political System State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The President of Ukraine
- •Part 2 State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The President of Ukraine
- •Part 4 State Power Institutions in Ukraine: Government of Ukraine
- •2. Match the political terms listed up in column a with the definitions provided in column b.
- •Part 5 State Power Institutions in Ukraine: The System of Judicial Authority
- •Grammar Supplement Reported Speech
- •In statements:
- •In requests:
- •In questions:
- •Observe the Sequence of Tenses:
- •An imperative sentence is changed to an infinitive The Table of Rules
- •The Passive Voice
- •The Passive
- •Changing from active into passive
The lobbyists
In the previous centuries people who wanted to hand in petition or to discuss some project went to Washington, to the Capitol and there met the Congressmen from their states. The tradition is still alive, only today it is big corporations, social organizations, foreign diplomats, etc. who try to influence law-making in their favour. This is done with the help of lobbyists who arrange meetings with Congressmen, and through bribery and persuasion make them vote for measures favourable to the group they represent. Practically lobbyism (backstage influencing of legislation) has become legal, it means that the passing of a bill can be prevented if it does not suit the interests of a definite group of Big Business.
The delicate art of influencing legislation has moved a great distance from the days when votes were bought with black satchels full of money. Today’s successful lobbyists are more likely to be smooth professionals. But if lobbying techniques have grown complicated, the name of the game is still the same: special interest. Lobbyists may call themselves legislative counsels or Washington representatives but the name of the game is the same: they are hired to sell their clients’ special interests.
The lobbyists’ role in government is greatly misunderstood. They only exercise their Constitutional right to petition. The First Amendment guarantees “the rights of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances”. But the Founding Fathers did not foresee that this amendment would be so distorted.
A 1946 law requires all lobbyists to register with the clerks of both chambers of Congress, and to give annual reports of the money used for this or that bill, the most effective lobbyists seldom do. They try to remain, if possible, invisible.
B. Say whether each of the following sentences is true or false. Correct the false sentences to make them true.
According to the text, lobbyists…
1. by means of different techniques make Congressmen vote for measures favourable to the group they represent; 2. follow the old tradition of petitioning the Government; 3. can seldom prevent Congressmen from passing a bill; 4. are mainly real professionals; 5. are often called legislative counsels; 6. always register with the clerks of the both chambers of Congress; 7. influence the legislation due to their invisible efforts.
C. Find English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words or phrases:
кулуари; закулісний; сумка, ранець; прийоми; право звертатися до органів влади з петиціями; сатисфакція образи; головна мета, найважливіший аспект діяльності;(the main purpose or the most important aspect of activity – Hard work is the name of the game if you want to succeed in business) спритний, приємний, улесливий фахівець;вручити петицію; на свою користь; організувати, домовитись; відповідати інтересам; витончений; просунутися далеко вперед; радник; підкуп, хабарництво; переконання; хибно розуміти; мирне зібрання; передбачати; спотворювати; палата Конгресу; щорічний звіт; непомітний, невидимий
D. Answer the following questions:
1. Why did people go to Washington in the previous centuries? 2. Who did they meet there? 3. What is this tradition like today? 4. How do the lobbyists make Congressmen vote in their favour? 5. Can the passing of a bill be prevented? 6. In what ways were votes bought in the past? 7. What is the name of the game? 8. What may lobbyists call themselves? 9. What is their role in the government? 10. What does the First Amendment guarantee? 11. What is required from the lobbyists by law? 12. Are they public people?