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Seminar 2

ТHЕ NOUN AS AND THE ADJECTIVE AS PARTS OF SPEECH

In english and ukrainian

1. General Characteristics of the Noun as a Part of Speech.

2. The Category of Number of the English and Ukrainian Noun.

3. The Category of Case of the English and Ukrainian Noun.

4. The Category of Definiteness / Indefiniteness of the English Noun.

5. The Category of Gender in the Contrasted Languages.

6. Adjective as a Part OF Speech.

7. Morphological, Structural, Functional and other Isomorphic and Allomorphic

Features of Different Classes of Adjectives in the Contrasted Languages.

  1. General Characteristics of the Noun as a Part of Speech.

This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places, ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of speech, which is why they are the first ones taught to students in primary school.

  • Tom Hanks is very versatile.

  • The italicized noun refers to a name of a person.

  • Dogs can be extremely cute.

  • In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because it names an animal.

  • It is my birthday.

  • The word “birthday” is a noun which refers to an event.

There are different types of nouns namely:

  • Proper– proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names of persons, places, or things.

  • Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakey’s Pizza, Game of Thrones

  • Common– common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic names of persons, things, or places.

  • Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series

  • Concrete– this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses.

  • Examples: folder, sand, board

  • Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t perceive through your five senses.

  • Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery

  • Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.

  • Examples:  kitten, video, ball

  • Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable nouns, and they need to have “counters” to quantify them.

  • Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter

  • Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter

  • Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.

  • Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), pride (group of lions)

This great list of nouns can help you explore more nouns.

  1. The Category of Number of the English and Ukrainian Noun.

The grammatical category of number is the linguistic representation of the objective category of quantity. The number category is realized through the opposition of two form-classes: the plural form :: the singular form. The number category is realized only within subclass of countable nouns.The noun in the singular does not necessarily denote one object while the plural form may be used to denote one object consisting of several parts.

The singular form may denote:                                         

a) oneness (individual separate object – a cat);

b) generalization (the meaning of the whole class – The cat is a domestic animal);

c) indiscreteness (нерасчлененность or uncountableness  - money, milk).

The plural form may denote:

a) the existence of several objects (cats);

b) the inner discreteness (внутренняя расчлененность, pluralia tantum, jeans).

To sum it up, all nouns may be subdivided into three groups:

1. The nouns in which the opposition of explicit discreteness/indiscreteness is expressed : cat::cats;

2. The nouns in which this opposition is not expressed explicitly but is revealed by syntactical and lexical correlation in the context. There are two groups here: 

A). Singularia tantum. 

B). Pluralia tantum.

3. The nouns with homogenous number forms.: e.g. Look! A sheep is eating grass. Look! The sheep are eating grass.

A few simple life nouns have in English one and the same form for singular and plural (cf. grouse, sheep, deer, swine, plaice). Usually, these nouns also have the zero marked plural form: carp, pike, trout, deer, salmon. Apart from the genuinely English there are some borrowed noun inflexions.

These are Latin: -a- -ae: algaalgae, larvalarvae; -us- -i: stimulusstimuli, terminustermini; -um- -a: curriculumcurricula, erratumerrata, etc. Several Greek borrowings preserve their singular and plural inflexions as well: -is -es (analysisanalyses, basisbases, ellipsisellipses) and -on -a (criterioncriteria, phenomenonphenomena), though some nouns often take regular English plural forms (cf. memorandums, ganglions, solos, tempos, metropolises, etc.).