Проверяем знание лексических единиц. Match each word with the appropriate definition and write it down. Card 1.

1. an arsonist a) attacks and robs people, often .

in the street

2. a shop – lifter b) sets fire to property illegally

3. a mugger c) is anyone , who breaks the law

4. an offender d) breaks into houses or other

buildings to steal

5. a murderer e) steals from shops while acting

as an ordinary customer

6. a kidnapper f) kills someone

7. a pickpocket g) steals things from peoples

pockets in crowded places

8. a drug-dealer h) buys and sells drugs

9. a terrorist i) take away people by force

and demands money for their return

10. an assassin j) uses violence for political reasons

11. a thief k) murders for political reasons or a

reward

12. a hijacker l) takes control of a plane by force and

makes the pilot change course

13. a robber m) is someone who steals

14. a smuggler n) brings goods into a country illegally

without paying tax.

Card 2.

1. a shop-lifter a) sets fire to the property

2. an assassin b) hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey

3. a bigamist c) betrays his or her country to another state

4. a traitor d) buys and sells drugs illegally

5. a gangster e) marries illegally, being married already

6. a hooligan f) kills someone

7. a stowaway g)breaks into houses or other buildings to steal

8. a smuggler h) steals from shops while acting as an ordinary

9. a drug-dealer customer

10. a thief i) murders for political reasons or reward

11. a burglar j) is a member of a criminal group

12. a murderer k) brings goods into another country illegally

13. a fogger l) someone who breaks the law

14. an arsonist m) someone who steals

15. an offender n) make counterfeit money

o) causes damage or disturbance in public places

Card 3.

1. an offender a) betrays his or her country to another state

2. a kidnapper b) kills someone

3. an accomplice c) takes control of the plane by force

4. a spy d) is someone who steals

5. a hijacker e) is anyone who breaks the law

6. a robber f) attacks and robs people, often in the street

7. a mugger g) sets fire to the property illegally

8. a deserter h) deliberately causes damage to the property

9. a terrorist i) is a soldier who runs away from the army

10. a pickpocket j) brings goods to another country illegally

11. a thief k) uses violence for political reasons

12. a vandal l) steals money, etc. By force from people or places

13. an arsonist m) takes away people by force and demands money

14. a smuggler n) helps a criminal in a criminal act

15. a murderer o) gets secret information from another country

Тренируем навыки перевода текстов, содержащих профессиональную лексику.

1.The Sources of English Law

The main sources of law in England and Wales are common law, legislation and European Community law.

Common law is the ancient law of the land. It forms the basis of the law. Although judges today may develop common law they interpret and apply statute law which is now the main source of legal development.

Legislation consists of laws made by or under the authority of the Parliament and may be:

1. statutes (or Acts of Parliament);

2. orders in Council, i.e. orders made by the Queen in Council . In practice, the Minister of a Government department usually drafts and makes the Order in the name of the Queen, whose approval is a formality;

3. orders, rules, regulations normally made by Ministers of a Government department, but such rules must be submitted to Parliament for approval;

4. by-laws made by local authorities exercising power conferred upon them by Parliament. By-laws require the approval of the appropriate Minister before they have legislative force.

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the main sources of law in England?

2. "What is common law?

3. What is the main source of development now?

4. What do judges usually interpret and apply now?

5. What are statute laws?

6. Who actually writes the orders in Council?

7. Who must approve orders in Council?

8. Who usually makes orders? rules and regulations?

9. Who must approve them?

10. Who makes by-laws?

11. Who approves them before they have legislative force?

Task 2. Translate it into English.

1. Основными источниками законов в Англии и Уэльсе являются общее право, писаные законы (Акты Парламента) и законы европейского сообщества.

2. Общее право является старейшим законом страны.

3. Судьи в наше время, в основном, используют и интерпретируют писаны законы.

4. Распоряжения Тайного Совета обычно составляются министры правительства и получают одобрение королевы.

5. Приказы, правила и распоряжения должны быть представлены парламенту для одобрения.

6. Подзаконные акты пишутся местными властями, осуществляющими власть, возложенную на них Парламентом.

7. Перед тем как получит силу закона, подзаконные акты требуют одобрения соответствующего министерства.

Legislation in Great Britain

New legislation in Britain starts in the House of Lords. In each House it is considered in three stages, called readings. The first reading is purely for the introduce the bill. The second reading is usually the occasion for debate. During the second reading the bill is examined in detail by a committee.

The bill is then, returned to one of the houses for the report stage, where it can be amended. And after its third reading, it goes to the other link Amendments made to a bill by the House of Lords must be considered by Commons. If the House of Commons does not agree, the bill is altered and back to the Lords. In the event of persistent disagreement between the two hothouses Commons prevails.

Finally, the bill goes to the reigning monarch for the royal assent. Nowadays the royal assent is a mere formality.

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. Where does new legislation start in Great Britain?

2. In how many stages is the bill considered?

3. What is the first reading like?

4. What happens during the second reading?

5. Where is the bill examined after the second reading?

6. What happens to the bill then?

7. Can the bill be amended at the report stage?

8. Where does the bill go if it passes the report stage?

9. Does the House of Commons consider the amendments made by the Lords?

10. What happens if the House of Commons does not agree?

11. Which of the Houses prevails in case of persistent disagreement?

12. Where does the bill go finally?

Task 2. Translate it into English.

1. В Великобритании создание нового закона обычно начинается в Палате лордов.

2. В каждой палате парламента законопроект обычно проходит 3 чтения.

3. Первое чтение обычно бывает ознакомительным.

4. При втором чтении предоставляется возможность для дебатов.

5. После второго чтения законопроект направляется в комитет для тщательного изучения.

6. После прохождения третьего чтения законопроект отсылается в другую Палату.

7. Поправки, внесенные Палатой Лордов, рассматриваются Палатой Общин.

9. В случае несогласия, учитывается мнение Палаты Общин.

10. В конце концов, законопроект направляется царствующему монарху для одобрения.

Legislation in the United States

The US Congress consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Any Congressman, in either house, or the president, may initiate new legislation.

The proposed legislation, or bill, is first introduced in the House of Representatives. Then it is referred to one of the standing committees, which organizes hearings on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. If the committee passed the bill, it is considered by the House of Representatives as a whole. If passed there, it goes to the Senate for a similar sequence of committee hearings and general debate.

In cases of disagreement, the House of Representatives and the Senate confer together. Finally, the new law is approved by the President who has the right to veto it.

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. How many Houses does the US Congress consist of?

2. Who can initiate new legislation in the US?

3. What happens to the bill in the House of Representatives first?

4. Where is the draft referred to then?

5. What does the committee do with the draft?

6. What can be done with the draft at this stage?

7. What happens to the bill if the committee passes it?

8. What happens to the bill when the House of Representatives passes it?

9. What procedures does the bill undergo in the Senate?

10. What happens in cases of disagreement?

11. What is the final stage in the new legislation?

Task 2. Translate it into English.

1. Конгресс США состоит из двух палат - Палаты представителей и Сената.

2. Любой член Конгресса или Президент может инициировать новый закон.

3. Предлагаемый законопроект сначала вносится в Палату представителей для общего ознакомления.

4. Далее законопроект направляется в одну из постоянно действующих комиссий, которая организует слушания по этому законопроекту.

5. На этом этапе законопроект может быть одобрен, в него могут быть внесены поправки, он может быть отложен.

6. Если комиссия пропускает законопроект, то он рассматривается в Палате Представителей целиком.

7. Если законопроект проходит Палату представителей, то он направляется в Сенат.

8. В Сенате законопроект проходит такую же процедуру слушаний на комитетах и общего обсуждения.

9. В случае разногласий по законопроекту обе Палаты собираются вместе.

10. На конечной стадии законопроект идет на одобрение Президенту, который имеет право вето.

The Court System of Great Britain

The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the Magistrates' court. More serious criminal cases go to the Crown Court. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in County courts.

Appeals are heard by higher courts. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Human Rights (in Luxembourg).

The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the most common type of law courts in England and Wales?

2. Where do more serious criminal cases go?

3. Where are civil cases dealt with?

4. Where are appeals heard?

5. Where are appeals heard?

6. What is the highest court of appeal in England and Wales?

7. Who do Juvenile courts deal with?

8. What do Coroners' courts investigate?

9. How do administrative tribunals work?

10. What do administrative tribunals deal with?

Task 2. Translate it into English.

1. Наиболее распространенным видом суда в Англии и Уэльсе является мировой суд.

2. Более серьезные уголовные дела рассматриваются в Королевском суде.

3. Гражданскими делами занимаются суды графств.

4. Апелляции подаются в суды высшей инстанции.

5. Апелляционным судом высшей инстанции в Англии и в Уэльсе является Палата Лордов.

6. Некоторые дела направляются в Европейский суд по правам человека.

7. Юридическая система также включает в себя суды для несовершеннолетних преступников, органы административной юстиции и коронерские суды.

8. Суды для несовершеннолетних преступников ведут дела обвиняемых, которым нет еще 17 лет.

9. Органы административной юстиции выносят быстрые, недорогие и объективные решения, работая с минимальным соблюдением формальностей.

10. Органы административной юстиции занимаются вопросами трудов споров, разрешением конфликтов между гражданами и правительственными учреждениями.

The Court System of the USA

The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. In addition they have a system of courts for the national government. These federal courts co-exist with the state courts.

Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems. They are state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.

The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like & pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle are the US courts of appeals. At the top is the US Supreme Court.

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. Is the American court system complex?

2. How does the American court system function?

3. Does each state have its own court system?

4. Are the court systems of different states different?

5. What do states have in addition?

6. Do federal courts co-exist with state courts?

7. What jurisdiction do individuals fall under?

8. In what system can individuals sue or be sued?

9. What does it depend on?

10. Where is the vast majority of cases resolved?

11. How are the federal courts organized?

12. What is at the bottom of the pyramid?

13. What is in the middle of the pyramid?

14. What is at the top of the pyramid?

Task 2. Translate it into English.

1. Американская судебная система - сложная система.

2. Американская судебная система является частью федеральной системы.

3. Каждый штат имеет свою собственную систему, отличную от других штатов.

4. В США имеется общенациональная система судов.

5. Федеральные суды существуют наряду с судами штатов.

6. Граждане США попадают под юрисдикцию двух различных судебных систем.

7. Граждане США могут подать в суд или быть судимы в любом из двух типов судов.

8. Подавляющее большинство дел слушается в судах штата.

9. Федеральные суды устроены как пирамида и имеют три уровня.

10. Внизу пирамиды находятся окружные суды, в середине апелляционные, а наверху - Верховный Суд США.

The Court System of Russia

The law court is a state organ that administers justice on the basis of the laws of the state.

There are courts of first instance and second instance. A court of fir instance examines a case and brings in a sentence or a judgment. A court of second instance examines appeals and protests against sentences and judgments of court of first instance.

The basic judicial organ is the district court. It tries both criminal and civil cases. The district court consists of a judge and two assessors. Cases are tried in public and proceedings are oral. The participants in the trial (the victim, accused, the plaintiff, the defendant and others) speak in open court. The accused has the right to defense. The higher courts are city courts, regional courts and others. These courts try and determine more important cases. They also sit as courts of appeal. The highest judicial organ is the country Supreme Court supervising the activities of all the judicial organs of the state. As a court of first instance it tries the most important criminal and civil cases. It also hears appeals against sentences and judgments of lower courts.

According to the new law of procedure magistrates' courts for simple civil cases and juvenile courts for criminals under 18 are established. Besides, citizens get the right to trial by a jury.

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a court?

2. What two main kinds of court exist in Russia?

3. What does the court of the first instance do?

4. What does the court of the second instance do?

5. What is the basic judicial organ?

6. What cases does the district court try?

7. What does the district court consist of?

8. How are cases tried in the district court?

9. What are the participants of the trial?

10. Has the accused the right to defense?

11. What are the higher courts?

12. What is the function of the higher courts?

13. What is the highest judicial organ in the country?

14. What are the functions of the Supreme Court?

15. What new types of courts are established according the new law?

16. What right do citizens get according to the new law?

Task 2. Translate it into English.

1. Суд - это государственный орган, который осуществляет правосудие на основе законов государства.

2. В России существуют суды первой и второй инстанции.

3. Суд первой инстанции изучает дело и выносит или приговор или; решение.

4. Суд второй инстанции изучает апелляции и протесты против приговоров и решений суда первой инстанции.

5. Основным судебным органом является районный суд.

6. Районный суд рассматривает как уголовные, так и гражданские дела.

7. Суд является открытым и проходит в устной форме.

8. Участниками судебного процесса являются потерпевший, обвиняемы истец и другие.

9. Высшим судебным органом является Верховный Суд России.

10. Верховный Суд занимается особо важными уголовными и гражданскими делами, а также рассматривает апелляции против решений судов низшей инстанции.

11. По новому процессуальному кодексу вводятся мировые суды рассмотрения несложных гражданских дел.

12. В России учреждены суды по делам несовершеннолетних.

13. По новому процессуальному кодексу граждане получили право рассмотрение дела судом присяжных.