Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно схеме:

основа прилагательного + (i)ty = существительное

available – availability

capable (способный) – capability

capacious (объёмный) – capacity

conductive (проводящий) – conductivity

dense (плотный) – density

durable –durability

elastic – elasticity

permeable (проницаемый) – permeability

porous (пористый) – porosity

proper – property

Упражнение 2. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, от каких слов они образованы и как переводятся:

accommodation adaptable adjacent adjustment alternative architectural cavity

central closely competitive considerable deeply equipment facility

firmness frequent hanger installation loudness protective spacer

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сравнительный оборот the … the … .

1. The higher the temperature the more effect it has on the strength, creep and other properties of the plastic.

2. The larger the amount of aggregates in the concrete mix the less volume changes in the concrete due to shrinkage or temperature changes.

3. The more is the carbon contents of steel the stronger it is.

4. The more live load will be exerted on the structure the stronger it should be.

5. The higher temperatures the faster will be the creep.

Упражнение 4. Выделите главное и придаточное предложение в сложноподчинённых предложениях. Переведите их.

1. Steel and cement, which are the two most important building materials now, appeared in the nineteenth century.

2. The tensile strength of steel which means it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree of tension is its important advantage.

3. As steel has great tensile strength and concrete has great strength under compression they complement each other.

4. The means Romans used sometimes to strengthen their buildings were iron rods.

5. The natural cement Romans used was made from volcanic ash.

6. Good results depend upon the materials the builder selects and upon how he uses them.

7. Each material a builder uses must function well over a long time.

8. After the decision (решение) to design the building project is made the designer makes plans which consist of drawings.

Текст B

GLASS REINFORCED POLYESTER

Important general characteristics of GRP elements compared to other building materials and elements are as follows:

GRP has a low weight as well as a high strength to weight ratio.

GRP has moderately good tensile, compressive and shear strength; however, strength is dependent on temperature and at high temperature even moderate stresses can cause failure with time. As the properties of GRP become worse with time, high factors of safety are necessary for long-term loads.

The polyester resin which is used in the production of GRP hardens and cures. However the resin is brittle and needs the strength that is given to it by the glass fibres; generally structural GRP contains between 25% and 60% of glass fibre reinforcement.

GRP has a high coefficient of expansion.

GRP will creep, that is it will continue to deflect, if there is a permanent load on it. The higher temperatures the faster will be the creep. The maximum operating temperature is about 70°C (160°F).

GRP has a low modulus of elasticity and, because it is used in thin sections, deflection is often a critical factor in design. In order to overcome this flexibility GRP is often used in the form of double skin panels in which deflections are easy to control. The modulus of elasticity decreases with increase in temperature and time under load.

Notes:

coefficient n. коэффициент

double skin panel двухслойная панель

operating temperature рабочая температура