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- •1. The land of the us: geography, the face of the land, mountain and rivers, weather and climate.
- •2. The people of the usa: population, the society. Ellis Island - Gateway to America. Contribution of the immigrants to the national identity.
- •"Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,....
- •A new era, a new mission
- •3. The regions of the us: the Northeast, the Central Basin, the Southeast, the Great Plains.
- •The Regions of the United States The Northeast
- •4. Discovery of America. American Indians - the accomplishments of the Iroquois, the Sioux, the Pueblo; great civilizations of the Mayas, Aztecs and Incas.
- •5. The History of the usa: Columbus or Vikings? Exploring and settling the New World: Spanish, Dutch and French territories in North America. Russian discovery of America.
- •French colonization of the Americas
- •6. The voyage of the Mayflower, Pylgrims and Puritans. Virginia Company with the right to colonise the South and the Plymouth Company with the right to colonise the North.
- •Pilgrims' voyage
- •Second Mayflower
- •Virginia Company
- •The Plymouth Company
- •7. Britain and the colonies. Jamestown colony, the dramatic history of Virginia.
- •8. The move to independence: the colonies in their fight to protect their liberties, the Tea Act and Boston Tea Party.
- •First Continental Congress
- •Second Continental Congress
- •10. The Founding Fathers of the nation (g. Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Samuel Adams, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin).
- •Collective biography of the Framers of the Constitution
- •11. Constitution of the us, structure and main principles. Bill of rights.
- •The First Constitution
- •Louisiana Purchase
- •Florida Purchase
- •Republic of Texas
- •Alaska Purchase
- •13. The Civil War - the reasons, the process, the generals, the battles the consequences. The Emancipation Proclamation. The role of a. Lincoln. The Gettysburg address.
- •The reasons of the Civil War.
- •How many Generals were there?
- •List of u.S. Army generals and chief staff officers in early 1861 Line officers
- •Staff Officers
- •Lincoln's role
- •14. Afterwar peiod (Reconstruction), the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the constitution. Carpetbaggers, Ku-Klux-Klan. What did Reconstruction fail?
- •15. America at the turn of the century: Foreign policy - the fight for new colonies: Venezuelan conflict, Cuban crisis, Hawaii, Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, the Panama Isthmus.
- •16. The Manifest Destiny, Monroe's Doctrine, Olney (or Roosevelt) Collorary.
- •17. Economic development: "captains of industry", industrialization. "The Square Deal" of Theodore Roosevelt and "The New Freedom" of w. Wilson. The us - a world leader.
- •List of businessmen who were called robber barons
- •U.S. Industrialization
- •History
- •18. America in the World War I. The League of Nations.
- •19. The roaring twenties. The rush for wealth. The movies. The bootleggers. Prohibition.
- •20. The Great Depression and the New Deal. The difference of the Roosevelt Administration from all previous administrations.
- •21. America before and at the time of the World War II. Hirishima 1945: right or wrong?
- •22. After the wwii: prodperity and problems - presidencies of Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy. "McCarthyism". Cold War with the Soviet Union.
- •23. Korean War, the birth of Nato, the War in Vietnam, crisis over Cuba.
- •24. The American century - the Americanization of the world. Mail Concepts of American Business.
- •27. The symbols of the us: the Statue of Liberty, the White house, the Library of Congress, the American Flag, the national Anthem.
- •28. Churches in the usa. America as a shelter for many people oppressed in their native countries for their religious beliefs. The role of religion in the us.
- •28. The main concepts of American Education.
- •30. The American Character: its origin and development. Values in the american character.
- •30. Cities of the us: Washington - planned city, New York (Big Apple) and its boroughs.
- •Economy
- •State finances
13. The Civil War - the reasons, the process, the generals, the battles the consequences. The Emancipation Proclamation. The role of a. Lincoln. The Gettysburg address.
Токарева с. 64
THE
CIVIL WAR
On March 4, 1861. Abraham Lincoln took the oath
ofoffi ce as President ofthe United States. Less than a
momh had passed since rhc fo rmatio n ofthe
Confederacy. In his inaugural address as President.
Lincoln appealed to the southe rn states to stay in the
Un ion. He promised that he would no t inte rfere with
slavery in any ofthcm. UU! he wa rned that he would
not allow them to break up the Uni ted Stares by
seceding. Quoting from his oa th o f office, he rold
them: " You have no oa th registered in Heaven (Q
dest ro y the government, while I have a most solemn
one ( 0 'prese rve. protect and defend' it. "
The southern sta res took no notice ofLincoln's
appeal. On Apri112 Confede rate guns opened fire Oil
Port Sumter. a fortres s in th e harbor ofChatlcston,
Sou th Carolina, that was occupied by United Slates
troops. T hese shots marked the beginning of t he
Amer ican Civil War.
Lincoln called fo r 75.lKXI men to tig ht to save the
Union. Jefferson Davis . the newly elected President
ofthe Confed erate Slates, ma de J similar appeal to r
men to fight for the Confederacy. Vol unteers rushed
forward in thousands on both sides.
Some peo ple fou nd it difficu lt and painful to decide
which side to support. The decis ion so metimes split
families. The SO li o f the commander o f the
Confede rat e navy was killed figh ting in a Un ion
ship. Two bro the rs became gene rals - hut on
opposite sides . And three ofPresident Lincoln's own
brothers-in -law died figh ting for the Confede racy.
From the firs t months ofthe wa r Union wa rshi ps
bloc kaded the ports ofthe South. T hey did this to
prevent the Confede racy from selling its cotton
ab road and from obtaiumg foreign supplies.
In both men and material resources the North was
much stronger than tilt' South. It had a population of
twenty- two mi llion peo ple. Th e South had only milt'
million people and 3. 5 mill ion ofthem were slave s.
T he North grt'w more food crops than the South.
It also had more than five times the manufactu ring
capacity, inc luding most o f the co unt ry's weapon
factories. So the North not only had more fight ing
men than the South, it could also keep them bett er
suppli ed wi th weapons, clothing , food and
eve ry thin g else they needed .
llowever, the Nort h f.1ct,d one great difficu lty . The
onl y way it could wi n the war was to invade the
South and occupy its land . T he South had no such
problem. It did not need to conquer the North to win
independence. All it had to do WJS to hold om unt il
the people of till' North gtt'Wtired offighting . Most
southern ers bel ieved th at the Confederacy cou ld do
th is. It began the war wi th a number ofadvantages .
Man y ofthe best officer s in the pre-war army of the
United States were southerners. Now they returned
[ 0 the Confederacy to orga nize its armies. Most o f
the recruit s led by these officers had gro wn up on
farm s and we re ex pert rider s and mark sm en. Most
Import ant of all, the fact that almost all the war's
fighting wok place In the South meant (hat
Confederate soldiers were defending th eir own
homes. This oft en made them fight with mo re spirit
than the Umon soldiers.
Southern er s denied that they were fighting mainly to
preserve slavery. Most were p OOT farmers who
owned no sian's anYWJY. The South was fighting for
irs independence from the No rth. they said. just as
their grandfathers had foug ht fo r indepen dence from
Britain almost a cemury earlier.
The wa r was fought in two main areas >- in Vir ginia
and the other east coas t stares ofthe Confederacy,
and in the Mississippi valley.
In Virgi nia [he Unio n arrrucs suffered one defeat after
ano the r III [he fi rst year o f the war. Agam and again
they tr ied [0 c.apmn' Richmond. the Confederate
capital. Each rim e they were thrown back with heavy
losses. The Confederate fo rces in Virg inia had two
grear advantages. The firs t was that man y river s CUt
across the roads leading south to Richmond and so
made the city easier to defend. Th e second was their
leaders. Two Confederate gene rals in particular,
Robert E. LI..'l' and Thomas}. (,'S tonew.all") j .ackson,
showed much mo re skill than the gene rals leading [he
Umon ar IllY.a[ this rime. Jackson got his nickn ame
"Stonewall" because he stoo d firm against adv ancing
Union rroops. A fellow officer, enco uraging Ius
soldiers shou ted out, " Look, there is Jackson,
standing like a stone wall!"
The North's t\l rly defeats in Virg inia discouraged its
supporters. T he flood ofvolunteers for the army
began to dry up. Recruitment W;IS not helped by
letters home like th is one, From ;1 lieutenan t in the
Union arlllY III IM62:
"T he butcher y ofthe boys, the suffe rlllp;s o f the
unpa id soldiers, wit hout rent s, poo r rations. a sing le
blanker each , with no bed but the hard damp
ground -it is these things that kill nu-.'
Fortunately for the Nor th, Union forces in [he
Mississippi valley had mo re SIKH.'SS. III April 1861. a
naval offic er named I>a vid Farragut sailed Union
ships into the mouth o trhc river and capture d New
Orleans, the largest city in the Ccnfcdcrncy. At the
same time other Union forces were fighting their
way down the Mississippi from till" north .
By spring 1863, the Union armies were closing: ill on
all importan t Confederate strongho ld on the
Mississippi called Vicksburg, 0 11 J uly 4, afier mu ch
blood y fighting and a siege lasting six weeks ,
Vicksbur g sur rende red to a Union army led by
General Ulysses S. Gram. Its fall was a heavy blow to
the South . Union forces now controlled the whole
length o f the Mississipp i. They had split the
Confederacy in two . It became impossible for
western Confederate sta res like Texas to send any
mo re men and supplies to the east.
lim by 1863 many no rtherners were [ired ofthe war.
They were sickened by its hea vy cost III lives and
money. General Lee. the Confederate commander,
believed that if his ar my co uld win a decis ive victory
on no rthern soil, popular op inion there might force
the Union government [0 make pe.ace.
In th e last week o fJu ne 186..1. Lee marched his army
north into Pennsylvania. At a sl11311 [Own named
Ccnysbur g a Union arllly blocked his w.ay. The
battl e which followed was the biggest [hat has ever
been fought in the United States. In three days of
fierce fighting more [hall 5O,()(N) men were killed or
wou nded. On the fou rth day Lee broke olTthe battl e
and led his men back into [he South. The
Confederate army had suffered a dcrcar from which ir
would neve r reco ver.
By IR64 the Confede racy was mnlllng out of almost
everytiling-men. eqUlpmenr, food . money. As fall
colored th e trees ofth e eas tern woods. the Union
armies moved in to end the war. In N ovember 18f:,4,
a Union army led by Gene ral William T. Sherman
began to march through the Confede rate state of
Ge orgia. Its soldiers dest royed everything III thei r
path. T hey tore up railroad tracks. burned crops an d
'build ings. drove o ff cattle. O n Decem bc r 22 they
occupi ed the city o f Savannah. T he Confed eracy was
split again , thi s time from cast to west. Aftet
capt utl ng Savann ah, Sherman tu rn ed no rth . He
matched thro ugh th e Carolinas. burn ing and
destroyin g aga in as he made to r Richmond .
The Confederate capi tal was alrea dy in dan ger from
anothe r Union army led by Gene ral Grant. By
Ma rch 1865. Grant had almost en circled th e city and
on April 2 Lee was fo rced to aba ndon it to save his
army from being tra pped. He ma rched south, ho ping
to fig ht on from a strong position III the mountains.
But Gr ant followed d ose be hind and othe r U nion
sol diers blocked Lee's way forwa rd . Lee was
trapped. O n Apr il 9. 1865, he met Grant in a bou se in
a tiny village called Appomattox an d surren dered his
army.
Gram treated the defeated Confederat e so ldiers
ge nerousl y. After they had given up th eir weapoll s
and promised never agam to fight agalllst the Uni ted
States, he allowed them to go home. He told them
they could keep th eir horses " to help with the sprmg
ploughing." As Lee rode away. Grant stoo d in the
doorway chewing a piece of tobacco an d to ld his
men : " The wa r is over. T he reb els arc our
co un tr ymen again.
T he Civil War gave fin al answers to two quest ions
that had divided the Uni ted States ever since it
became an independent na tion . It pm an en d to
slaver y. In lR65 thi s was abo lished ev erywhere ill the
United States by the 13th Amendmen t to the
Constitu tion. And it decided finally th at the United
States was one nation. whose part s co uld not be
separated.
Bur the war le ft bitter memories. T he United Sta tes
fought other wa rs late r. bu t all were o utsi de its own
boundaries . The Ci vil War caused te rrible
destr uction at hor ne. All over the So uth cities an d
(;Irms lay in ruins . And more Americans died in this
war th an III any othe r, before or since. By the time
Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox. the dead
on both Sides totaled 635.000.