24. Буровые растворы

The drilling-fluid system — commonly known as the “mud system”— is the single component of the well-construction process that remains in contact with the wellbore throughout the entire drilling operation. Drilling-fluid systems are designed and formulated to perform efficiently under expected wellbore conditions. Advances in drilling - fluid technology have made it possible to implement a cost - effective, fit-for-purpose system for each interval in the well-construction process. The active drilling-fluid system comprises a volume of fluid that is pumped with specially designed mud pumps from the surface pits, through the drillstring exiting at the bit, up the annular space in the wellbore, and back to the surface for solids removal and maintenance treatments as needed. The capacity of the surface system usually is determined by the rig size, and rig selection is determined by the well design.

23. История развития бурения

The technique of well drilling goes far back into history. It is first mentioned in ancient Chinese manuscripts, which describe wells drilled as early as the third century A.D. to tap underground strata for brine. The wells were drilled with a heavy bit, which hung from a rope and was raised up and down by several of men jumping on a spring board. The petroleum industry is traditionally considered to have been born in 1859 near Titusville, Pennsylvania where Drake drilled the first well. In Russia the first oil well was drilled in 1856 by a Russian engineer A.F. Semenov. At around the same time oil wells were also being drilled in other places, notably at Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada and Wietze near Hanover, Germany and there is some doubt as to which country should be credited with having drilled the first commercial oil well.