Бауманн У., Перре М. - Клиническая психология
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3.5.
(Propping et al., 1994).
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«Haplotype Relative Risk» ,
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. 10.1).
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. 10.1. «Haplotype Relative Risk». , ,
3.6.
— ;
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(Propping et al., 1994),
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, — 300-500.
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, I).
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3.7.
,
. «Craving»,
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— , —
(Begleiter & Kissin, 1995).
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4.
4.1. (DAT)
DAT .
. ,
85- ) 1-
DAT 30% 11% (Silverman et al., 1994);
(Maier & Heun, 1996). ,
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DAT — ,
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, DAT ),
1, 14 21. ,
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( 55 ), DAT,
65- , .
(2)DAT
, , DAT
, . , DAT
Apo-E4, — Apo-E2 -E3 — (Corder et al., 1994). ApoE4 DAT. , DAT,
Apo-E4, DA . , -
(Gen-Dosis-Effekt): Apo-E4- ( )
. Apo-E4
ApoE4.
, DAT , ,
, , ,
, ,
. , ,
, Apo-E4
. , Apo-E4- — ,
. DAT (Greenberg, 1993).
4.2.
(1-16% 0-2%) ( . . 10.2). ,
, , ,
(Kendler & Diehl, 1993).
10.2.
1-
1-
Coryell & Zimmerman, 1988 (RDC/DSM-III) |
1,4% |
0,0% |
|
Gershon et al., 1988 (RDC/DSM-III) |
3,1% |
0,6% |
|
Kendler et al., 1993c (DSM-III-R) |
8,0% |
1,1% |
|
Maier et al., 1993a (RDC/DSM-III) |
5,2% |
0,5% |
|
Parnas et al., 1993 (DSM-III-R) |
16,2% |
1,9% |
|
|
, |
|
|
, |
( |
|
|
High-Risk- ).] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gershon et al., 1988 (RDC/DSM-III) |
7,2% |
6,7% |
|
Maier et al., 1993a (RDC/DSM-III) |
7,0% |
1,8% |
|
Gershon et al., 1988 (RDC/DSM-III) |
16,7% |
0,3% |
Kendler et al., 1993d (DSM-III-R) |
31,1% |
22,8% |
Maier et al., 1993a (RDC/DSM-III) |
21,6% |
10,6% |
|
|
|
Maier et al., 1993b (DSM-III-R) |
17,3% |
6,8% |
/ |
|
|
Noyes et al., 1986 (DSM-III-R) |
17,1% |
1,8% |
Weissman et al., 1993 (DSM-III-R) |
18,7% |
1,1% |
Maier et al., 1993b (DSM-III-R) |
7,9% |
2,3% |
|
|
|
Fyer et al., 1990 (DSM-III) |
31,0% |
11,0% |
|
|
|
Fyer et al., 1993 (DSM-III-R) |
16,0% |
5,0% |
|
|
|
Noyes et al., 1987 |
19,5% |
3,5% |
( . 10.3).
, ,
50% (
McGue & Gottesman, 1991); , ,
.
10.3. (MZ — , DZ —
)
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MZ |
|
DZ |
MZ |
DZ |
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|
Kringlen, 1976 (ICD-7) |
55 |
|
90 |
45% |
15% |
Farmer et al., 1987 (DSM-III-R) |
21 |
|
21 |
48% |
10% |
Onstad et al., 1991 (DSM-III-R) |
31 |
|
28 |
48% |
4% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bertelsen et al., 1977 (ICD-7) |
34 |
|
37 |
79% |
19% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Torgersen, 1986 (DSM-III) |
28 |
|
46 |
25% |
11% |
McGuffin et al., 1991 (DSM-III) |
62 |
|
79 |
53% |
28% |
Kendler et al., 1992d (DSM-III) |
* |
|
* |
49% |
42% |
Kendler et al., 1993b (DSM-III-R) |
* |
|
* |
48% |
42% |
|
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|
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|
: |
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|
|
Pickens et al., 1991** (DSM-III) |
50 |
|
64 |
59% |
36% |
: |
|
|
|
|
|
Pickens et al., 1991** (DSM-III) |
31 |
|
24 |
25% |
5% |
Kendler et al., 1992a (DSM-III-R) |
* |
|
* |
26% |
12% |
/ |
|
|
|
|
|
Torgersen, 1983 (DSM-III) |
17 |
|
28 |
41% |
4% |
Kendler et al., 1993a (DSM-III-R) |
* |
|
* |
24% |
11% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kendler et al., 1992b (DSM-III-R) |
* |
|
* |
22-26% |
11-24% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Torgersen, 1983 (DSM-III) |
12 |
20 |
0% |
5% |
|
Andrews et al., 1990 (DSM-III) |
63 |
81 |
22% |
14% |
|
Kendler et al., 1992c |
(DSM-III) |
* |
* |
28% |
17% |
Kendler et al., 1992c |
(DSM-III-R) |
* |
* |
4% |
10% |
*,
(MZ 510, DZ 440).
**: McGue et al., 1992.
. . ZK —
( , ,
); ZD —
. : ZK / (ZK + ZD). : 12
6 (12
), 4 4
(4
), 8 8
: ZK = 12 + 4, ZD = 8. = 16 / (16 + 8) = 67%.
,
». DSM-III, ,
, ,
( 1- . ) (McGuffin, Farmer, Gottesman, Murray & Reveley, 1984).
,
(Kendler & Diehl, 1993).
, ,
,
, ,
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DSM-IV / -10 « ».
« »,
,
(Kendler & Diehl, 1993).
30 ,
.
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, 10% .
,
, ( — ).
. 10.1
.
10.1. :
. Maier, Lichtermann et al., 1993; Schwab et al., 1995)
(1) ? (2)
? (3)
, ? (4) ,
? ?
-. 146 (DSM-III-R)
1- ( 17 ; n = 435); 109 (
) 1- ( 17 ; n = 320); 264
1- ( 17 ; n = 795).
-. DSM-III-R (SADSLA: Assessment of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Lifetime Version);
«Family History Interviews» ( DSM-III-R - 10); DSM-III-R.
-. Wisconsin-Karten-Sortier- ,
, .
-. ( ,
: 36 50 ).
, 6
( — ).
1.1- ,
: 1,1% ( : 0,5%); -
7,0% ( : 0,9%); 4,9% ( : 0,0%).
2.. 10.4,
, . ,
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:
,
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10.4.
1- |
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3,9% |
0,5% |
0,4% |
0,5% |
|
1,1% |
4,4% |
1,1% |
1,2% |
|
11,0% |
11,1% |
11,3% |
6,9% |
3. ( .
. 10.5). ( )
, , ,
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10.5. Wisconsin-Karten-Sortier-Test (WCST) ,
: Franke et al., 1992)
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|
WCST |
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|
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|
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) |
|
|
32,8% |
39,3% |
41,6% |
|
7,7% |
4,1% |
2,2% |
|
1,9% |
0,4% |
0,1% |
|
5,6% |
4,3% |
3,6% |
4. , ,
, , ,
. . 10.2 ( -
), 6 —
( ) . Lod-Score ( Y)
. Lod-Scores 3,0
, 2,0 . LodScores -2,0 . , 2,0 -2,0
.
. 10.2. 6 ( : Schwab et al., 1995)
, Lod-Scores 2,0. , , ,
.
(Straub et al., 1995). ,
— . ,
, — .
---
4.3.
( .
. 10.2). , 1-
,
7% 31% 1- );
(0-23%).
, ( . Maier
&Lichtermann, 1993).
30
,
,
). ,
18 4,
. . ,
, , (Risch & Botstein, 1996).
,
.
4.3.1.
, , ,
:
1- (3-10%),
0,5-2%
(0,5-1%) (Gershon et al., 1988; Maier, Lichtermann et al., 1993a).
:
,
(Gershon et al., 1988; Maier, Lichtermann et al., 1993a).
( . . 10.3),
, ,
(Propping, 1989). ,
:
80%; 50%
.
( 50%),
, .
(Rice et al., 1987),
.
, , ,
-
.
4.3.2.
,
( ),
, ,
(Maier & Philipp, 1993). ,
. —
(RDC, DSM-III-R, - 10, Newcastle-Scale) —
.
. , ,
, (Maier & Philipp, 1993).
.
(Kendler, Kessler, Neale, Heath & Eaves, 1993b);
( )
( ),
( ).
, .
4.4.
, .
,
, ,
. ,
, .
.
, ( . . 10.2),
.
7-20% ( 1-4% ),
— 7-9% ( 1-4% ).
(
20% 3-5% ),
.
(Weissman et al., 1993).
, ; , ,
.
,
, (Kendler et al., 1993a),
( . . 10.3).
-
(Torgersen, 1983).
DSM-III-R
.
. ,
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, ,
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4.5.
40 , ,
,
. , ( 7-
) ,
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,
.
(Maier, 1995), ,
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:
(
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(Begleiter & Kissin, 1995).
( )
( . . 10.3);
. ,
, — , ,
(Maier, 1995).
, ,
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:
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, . (
) ,
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, (Propping, 1989). ,
(Schuckit & Smith, 1996), ,
,
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4.6.
,
. 1976 .
( ) 1977 . ( ) ( Eaves, Eysenck & Martin, 1989; Loehlin, 1992).
, , . ,
( , 5-
) (Cloninger, Svrakic & Przybeck, 1993).
.
(v. Zerssen, 1996); « » —
.
, ,
: ,
, ?
, , « »
(Kendler et al., 1993b).
5.
«American Society of Human Genetics» ( ) 1975 . ( . Propping, 1989):
— , ,
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:
, , ,
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( . Benjamin et al., 1994; Sharpe, 1994).
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