- •Course of lectures «Contemporary
- •Optics
- •Literature
- •Scale of
- •Optics at present time
- •Optics in techniques, medicine and bioilogy
- •Optics phenomenon in nature
- •Пифагор
- •Эвклид (III в. до н. э.)
- •Галилео Галилей (1564 - 1642)
- •Thelaws of ancient optics 1
- •Thelaws of ancient optics 3
- •The laws of ancient optics 4
- •-The rays coming from the eyes, apply a straight line and diverge to
- •-Objects that are visible at large angles, seem more apparent, at smaller angles
- •-All the beams have the same speed.
- •The Nature of Light
- •Measurements of the Speed of Light
- •Measurements of the Speed of Light
- •The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics
- •The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics
- •Reflection
- •Reflection
- •Reflection
- •Reflection
- •Reflection
- •Reflection
- •Reflection
- •Reflection
- •Reflection
- •Huygens’s Principle
- •Huygens’s Principle
- •Huygens’s Principle
- •Dispersion and Prisms
- •Dispersion and Prisms
- •Total Internal Reflection
- •Total Internal Reflection
- •Fermat’s Principle
-All the beams have the same speed.
-Rayis a straight line, which connects the middle portions of the ends.
-Everything seems visible in a straight direction.
The Nature of Light
According to Einstein’s theory, the energy of a photon is proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic
wave:
(1.1)
Planck’s constant
Light exhibits the characteristics of a wave in some situations and the characteristics of a particle in other situations.
Measurements of the Speed of Light
Roemer’s Method
Measurements of the Speed of Light
Fizeau’s Method
The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics
The field of geometric optics involves the study of the propagation of light, with the assumption that light travels in a fixed direction in a straight line as it passes through a uniform medium and changes its direction when it meets the surface of a different medium or if the optical properties of the medium are nonuniform in either space or time.
The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics
A plane wave of wavelength λ is incident on a barrier in which there is an opening of diameter d. (a) When λ«d, the rays continue in a straight-line path, and the ray approximation remains valid. (b) When λ~d, the rays spread out after passing through the opening. (c) When λ»d, the opening behaves as a point source emitting spherical waves.
Reflection
Specular reflection
Reflection
Diffuse reflection
Reflection
Experiments and theory show that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence:
(1.2)
This relationship is called the law of reflection.